Lactation stage-dependent protective effects of human milk exosomes against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via lactoferrin/lysozyme-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways

Figure 1 Human milk exosomes alleviate intestinal injury in neonatal rats with ischemia/reperfusion. A: Neonatal rat intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model; B: Representative macroscopic images of intestinal segments; C: Hematoxylin and eosin staining of ileal sections (scale bar = 50 μm; × 400); D: Chiu’s score for intestinal mucosal injury; E and F: Serum levels of intestinal barrier injury markers diamine oxidase and intestinal fatty acid binding protein. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. I/R: Ischemia-reperfusion; iFABP: Intestinal fatty acid binding protein; DAO: Diamine oxidase.