Extracts of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. thorn ameliorates ulcerative colitis through PPARγ/GPX4 pathway-mediated inhibition of enterocyte ferroptosis

Figure 3 Extracts from Gleditsia sinensis thorns hinders the ferroptosis caused by erastin in Caco-2 cells. A: Levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, and Fe²⁺ in Caco-2 cells; B: Expression of acyl-CoA ligase 4 and glutathione peroxidase 4 proteins in Caco-2 cells; C: Mitochondrial membrane potential changes assessed by JC-1 flow cytometry; D: Transmission electron microscopy imaging showing mitochondrial morphology. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^cP < 0.001, and ^dP < 0.0001. EGST: Extracts from Gleditsia sinensis thorns; NS: Not significant; GSH: Glutathione; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ACLS4: Acyl-CoA ligase 4.