Extracts of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. thorn ameliorates ulcerative colitis through PPARγ/GPX4 pathway-mediated inhibition of enterocyte ferroptosis

Figure 2 Extracts from Gleditsia sinensis thorns lowers the incidence of ferroptosis in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium. A: Gene ontology enrichment analysis showing significant differences (top 10 ranking by biological process, cellular component, and molecular function); B: Heatmap of key differential genes in ferroptosis; C: Gene set enrichment analysis results, with each line marking the position of the gene in the gene set; D: Serum levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, and Fe²⁺; E: Expression of 4-hydroxynonenal in colon tissue; F: Immunohistochemical analysis of acyl-CoA ligase 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase expression in colon tissue. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, and ^dP < 0.0001. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; EGST: Extracts from Gleditsia sinensis thorns; NS: Not significant; GSH: Glutathione; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ACLS4: Acyl-CoA ligase 4; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; ALOX15: Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase.