Deep-learning-based object detection of pelvic autonomic nerves during total mesorectal excision

Table 2 Comparison of deep learning model performance metrics between merged labels and separate labels

Label	Image	Annotation Box	DL model 1					DL model 2
			Precision	Recall	F1-score	mAP50	mAP50-95	Precision	Recall	F1-score	mAP50	mAP50-95
All	346	521	0.762	0.506	0.608	0.580	0.246	0.839	0.769	0.802	0.873	0.534
IMP	346	183						0.889	0.767	0.824	0.907	0.539
RIMP	346	97	0.764	0.568	0.652	0.606	0.238
LIMP	346	86	0.801	0.635	0.708	0.706	0.291
SHP	346	20	0.763	0.590	0.665	0.656	0.293	0.755	0.721	0.738	0.835	0.527
HN	346	123						0.851	0.704	0.771	0.842	0.520
RHN	346	61	0.777	0.489	0.600	0.550	0.248
LHN	346	62	0.797	0.450	0.575	0.540	0.248
PN	346	157						0.881	0.780	0.827	0.873	0.548
RPN	346	82	0.738	0.407	0.525	0.490	0.216
LPN	346	75	0.635	0.395	0.487	0.469	0.203
NVB	346	38						0.821	0.871	0.845	0.911	0.534
RNVB	346	20	0.755	0.492	0.596	0.592	0.251
LNVB	346	18	0.826	0.527	0.643

Precision = TP/(TP + FP) (TP: True positive, correctly identified autonomic nerve regions; FP: False positive, non-nerve regions misidentified as autonomic nerves). Recall = TP/(TP + FN) (FN: False negative, autonomic nerve regions not detected); F1-score = 2 × (precision × recall)/(precision + recall) (ranges from 0 to 1; a value closer to 1 indicates better overall performance). mAP50 indicate mean average precision across all categories at an intersection over union threshold of 0.5 (average precision is the area under the precision recall curve). mAP50-95 indicate mean average precision values at intersection over union thresholds from 0.5 to 0.95 (10 thresholds in 0.05 increments), evaluating detection robustness across different thresholds. Model 1: Deep learning model with separate labels; Model 2: Deep learning model with merged labels; DL: Deep learning; IMP: Inferior mesenteric plexus; RIMP: Right inferior mesenteric plexus; LIMP: Left inferior mesenteric plexus; SHP: Superior hypogastric plexus; HN: Hypogastric nerve; RHN: Right hypogastric nerve; LHN: Left hypogastric nerve; PN: Pelvic nerve; NVB: Neurovascular bundle; RPN: Right pelvic nerve; LPN: Left pelvic nerve; RNVB: Right neurovascular bundle; LNVB: Left neurovascular bundle.