Gastric cancer-derived exosomal indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 drives immunosuppression in gastric cancer by suppressing dendritic cell maturation

Figure 2 Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 was highly enriched in exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells. Exosomes were isolated from MKN45 cells. A: Exosome morphology was examined using transmission electron microscopy; B: Nanoparticle tracking analysis was employed to determine size distribution; C: The presence of exosomal markers was confirmed using Western blot analysis; D and E: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 expression in exosomes was measured using Western blot analysis; F: Uptake of PKH26-labeled exosomes by dendritic cells was visualized using microscopy. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.01. CD: Cluster of differentiation; CM: Conditioned medium; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; exo: Exosomal; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1.