Hua-Zhuo-Jie-Du formula alleviates colitis-associated colorectal cancer via regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway

Figure 2 Network pharmacological analysis of Hua-Zhuo-Jie-Du formula against colitis-associated colorectal cancer. A: Total ion chromatograms (TICs) of Hua-Zhuo-Jie-Du formula (HZJDF) obtained in the positive ion mode; B: TICs obtained in the negative ion mode; C: Venn diagram illustrating therapeutic targets associated with colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC); D: Venn diagram showing the overlap between the targets associated with HZJDF’s active ingredients and CAC-related targets; E: Network visualization of HZJDF’s active ingredients and their corresponding CAC targets. Red circles represent HZJDF’s active ingredients, while the green triangles denote the target proteins; F: Topological screening of the protein-protein interaction network; G: Bubble chart depicting the outcomes of the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis; H: Bubble chart illustrating the outcomes of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for the targets. OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; HZJDF: Hua-Zhuo-Jie-Du formula; CAG: Colitis-associated colorectal cancer; BC: Betweenness centrality; CC: Closeness centrality; DC: Degree centrality; EC: Eigenvector centrality; LAC: Local average connectivity; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; AGE-RAGE: Advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products; HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor; PD-1: Programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor.