Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxins promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Figure 6 Targeting CCL2/CCR2/monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell inhibits tumor growth. A: The aggregation of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells was detected by flow cytometry in control (Ctrl), CCL2 Ab and CCR2 antag groups; B: Weekly in vivo imaging was performed to monitor tumor growth in Ctrl, CCL2 Ab and CCR2 antag groups; C: The Change of tumor size in Ctrl, CCL2 Ab and CCR2 antag groups by giving animals different interventions (n = 5 for Ctrl and CCR2 antag, 4 for CCL2 Ab); D: Weekly in vivo imaging was performed to monitor tumor growth in Ctrl and Ly6C Ab groups; E: The change of tumor size in Ctrl and Ly6C Ab groups by giving animals different interventions; F: The aggregation of IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺T was detected by flow cytometry in Ctrl and Ly6C Ab groups (n = 4 for each group); G: Molding diagram of DEN combination with CCL₄ (n = 5 for each group); H: Major phylum average distribution in Ctrl and neomycin groups; I: The ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes in Ctrl and neomycin groups; J: Major genus average distribution in Ctrl and neomycin groups; K and L: Alpha diversity was evaluated using the Simpson and Chao1 indices, while beta diversity was assessed by principal coordinate analysis, revealing distinct microbial community structures between the Ctrl and neomycin groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis; MMDSC: Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell; Ctrl: Control.