Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxins promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

doi:10.3748/wjg.118794

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2026; 32(27): 118794
Published online Jul 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.118794

Table 2 Independent prognostic factors predicting overall survival in 93 validation hepatocellular carcinoma cohort

Characteristic	Univariate analysis [HR (95%CI)]	P value	Multivariate analysis [HR (95%CI)]	P value
Age (year)
< 57/≥ 57	0.71 (0.36-1.4)	0.24
Gender
Female/male	1.56 (0.47-5.18)	0.464
Child-Pugh
Grade A/B	2.25 (1.09-4.67)	0.029^a	0.6 (0.27-1.32)	0.205
Tumor diameter (cm)
≤ 5/> 5	2.73 (1.05-7.09)	0.039^a	0.64 (0.22-1.84)	0.405
MVI
Yes/no	3.32 (1.57-7.01)	0.002^a	0.32 (0.15-0.7)	0.004^b
TNM stage
I-II	3.09 (1.55-6.15)	0.001^a	0.59 (0.26-1.33)	0.201
III-IV
Edmondson-Steiner grading
I-II
III-IV	2.73 (1.28-5.82)	0.01^a	0.63 (0.27-1.46)	0.282
LPS
Low/high	0.32 (0.15-0.67)	0.002^a	2.41 (1.13-5.15)	0.023^a

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MVI: Microvascular invasion.

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Citation: Zhang Y, Zhou YL, Nie X, Zhang LJ, Xu WW, Wang JQ, Zhao HL, Xu JK, Xu J, Xu HM, Li JH, Huang WQ, Yang J, Yang YX, Zhan Q, Lin Y, Nie YQ. Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxins promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(27): 118794
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i27/118794.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.118794

Zhang Y, Zhou YL, Nie X, Zhang LJ, Xu WW, Wang JQ, Zhao HL, Xu JK, Xu J, Xu HM, Li JH, Huang WQ, Yang J, Yang YX, Zhan Q, Lin Y, Nie YQ. Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxins promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(27): 118794 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.118794]

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