Contribution of the appendix to ulcerative colitis by supplying pathogenic immunoglobulin G-producing cells

Figure 7 Somatically mutated, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-motif-containing immunoglobulin G-producing cells are the hallmark of appendiceal antibody response in ulcerative colitis. A: Immunoglobulin (Ig) somatic mutation frequencies of all isotypes expressed by appendiceal plasma cells. Cells colored by degree of mutations on uniform manifold approximation and projection plot (left). Box-and-whisker plots show mutation frequencies across the controls (blue) and ulcerative colitis groups (orange), and the median and interquartile range (right); B: Mutation frequencies of IgA; C: Mutation frequencies of IgG; D: Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-motif-containing cells (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid⁺) in the total plasma cell fraction and IgG-expressing cells of patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 4) and controls (n = 5). The scatter plots with median line for each group. ^aP < 0.05. Ig: Immunoglobulin; RGD: Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; UC: Ulcerative colitis; UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection.