Immediate post-polypectomy bleeding is associated with an increased risk of delayed post-polypectomy bleeding: A large retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables	IPPB only (n = 898)	DPPB after IPPB (n = 35)	P value
Patient-related factor
Demographic variables
Age, years	62.71 ± 11.27	63.63 ± 10.74	0.6359
Male	613 (68.26)	22 (62.86)	0.5010
Body mass index, kg/m2	23.81 ± 3.44	22.09 ± 3.34	0.0042a
Comorbidities
Hypertension	238 (26.50)	10 (28.57)	0.7858
Diabetes mellitus	189 (21.05)	9 (25.71)	0.5076
Liver cirrhosis or chronic liver disease	30 (3.34)	0 (0.00)	0.6233
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease	71 (7.91)	4 (11.43)	0.5184
Chronic kidney disease	148 (16.48)	9 (25.71)	0.1520
Cancers	194 (21.60)	9 (25.71)	0.5631
Medications
Antiplatelet agents	41 (4.57)	3 (8.57)	0.2254
Anticoagulants	17 (1.89)	1 (2.86)	0.5008
NSAIDs and corticosteroids	94 (10.47)	4 (11.43)	0.7795
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL	13.21 ± 2.07	12.92 ± 1.82	0.4219
Platelet count, 109/L	234.15 ± 83.36	216.26 ± 72.70	0.2112
Prothrombin time, INR	1.01 ± 0.18	1.01 ± 0.17	0.8329
aPTT, second	31.55 ± 7.56	31.03 ± 5.62	0.6025
Polyp-related factors
Polyp number per patient	3.94 ± 3.43	5.60 ± 4.47	0.0367a
Polyp size (mm)	9.09 ± 4.95	13.69 ± 8.00	0.0018a
Polyp size (mm) > 10 mm	319 (35.64)	23 (65.71)	0.0003a
Morphology (%)			0.4116
Non-pedunculated	496 (55.61)	17 (48.57)
Pedunculated	396 (44.39)	18 (51.43)
Location			0.4261
Right colon	467 (52.30)	22 (62.86)
Left colon	336 (37.63)	11 (31.43)
Rectum	90 (10.08)	2 (5.71)
Histopathologic results			0.0511
Adenomatous	455 (71.77)	24 (88.89)
Non-adenomatous	179 (28.23)	3 (11.11)
Procedure-related factors
Resection method			0.8104
Cold (CFP, CSP)	227 (25.42)	9 (27.27)
Hot (EMR, ESD)	666 (74.58)	24 (72.73)
Procedure time, minute	40.48 ± 20.57	47.67 ± 24.05	0.0442a
Insertion time	10.23 ± 16.83	8.97 ± 6.53	0.3168
Withdrawal time	30.26 ± 22.60	38.70 ± 22.65	0.0305a
Endoscopist experience			0.0712
Experienced	283 (31.51)	6 (17.14)
Trainee	615 (68.49)	29 (82.86)
Bowel preparation			0.4183
Excellent + good	749 (83.41)	31 (88.57)
Adequate + poor	149 (16.59)	4 (11.43)
Hemostasis or preventive hemostasis	531 (59.13)	21 (60.00)	0.9183

^aP < 0.05.

IPPB: Immediate post-polypectomy bleeding; DPPB: Delayed post-polypectomy bleeding; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; INR: International normalized ratio; aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; CFP: Cold forceps polypectomy; CSP: Cold snare polypectomy; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.