Pattern and risk factors for postoperative recurrence in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after upfront surgery

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.119613

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 32, Issue 23

This Article

(25)

(28)

(0)

(461)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

ISSN

1007-9327

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jun 21, 2026; 32(23): 119613
Published online Jun 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.119613

Table 2 Result of univariate Cox regression and Fine-Gray competing risk analysis for postoperative disease-free survival

Variables	Cox regression			Fine-Gray competing risks model
Variables	HR	95%CI	P value	sHR	95%CI	P value
Age (years)	1.016	0.999-1.032	0.058	1.011	0.996-1.027	0.154
Sex
Male	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Female	1.005	0.770-1.445	0.738	0.952	0.706-1.284	0.748
Smoking history
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.113	0.783-1.583	0.550	1.013	0.726-1.416	0.937
Diabetes
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	0.938	0.665-1.322	0.714	0.936	0.672-1.304	0.697
BMI (kg/m²)	1.011	0.969-1.056	0.606	1.015	0.975-1.056	0.472
WBC count (× 10⁹/L)	1.045	0.977-1.118	0.199	1.057	1.004-1.112	0.034^a
NEUT count (× 10⁹/L)	1.043	0.972-1.119	0.244	1.052	1.000-1.106	0.049^a
LYM count (× 10⁹/L)	1.162	0.855-1.578	0.338	1.222	0.914-1.634	0.176
Hemoglobin (g/L)	1.004	0.994-1.013	0.429	1.001	0.992-1.010	0.833
Platelet count (× 10⁹/L)	1.000	0.998-1.002	0.989	1.000	0.999-1.003	0.566
Serum albumin (g/L)	0.992	0.957-1.029	0.682	0.995	0.960-1.031	0.764
Serum ALT (U/L)	1.000	0.998-1.001	0.965	1.000	0.999-1.002	0.803
Serum total bilirubin (μmol/L)	1.001	0.999-1.003	0.232	1.001	0.999-1.003	0.179
Serum CEA (ng/mL)	1.029	1.012-1.047	0.001^a	1.031	1.020-1.041	< 0.001^a
Serum CA19-9 (U/mL)	1.203	1.100-1.317	< 0.001^a	1.150	1.039-1.272	0.007^a
Biliary drainage
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.082	0.726-1.611	0.700	1.108	0.763-1.608	0.591
Arterial invasion
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.090	0.693-1.713	0.710	0.976	0.590-1.614	0.924
Vascular invasion site
PV	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Confluence of PV and SMV	1.077	0.697-1.662	0.739	0.875	0.592-1.293	0.502
SMV	0.910	0.571-1.448	0.690	0.763	0.503-1.157	0.202
Imaging vascular morphology changes
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.463	1.066-2.009	0.018^a	1.429	1.054-1.936	0.022^a
Length of vascular invasion (cm)	1.114	1.013-1.226	0.026^a	1.104	1.005-1.213	0.039^a
Angle of vascular invasion
≤ 180	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
> 180	1.005	0.718-1.407	0.976	1.030	0.743-1.427	0.862
Surgical procedure
Pancreaticoduodenectomy	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Distal pancreatectomy	1.297	0.627-2.680	0.483	1.137	0.571-2.265	0.716
Total pancreaticoduodenectomy	1.058	0.746-1.500	0.751	0.933	0.664-1.311	0.690
Vascular reconstruction procedure
End-to-end anastomosis	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Allogeneic vascular graft	1.335	0.949-1.877	0.097	1.254	0.922-1.704	0.149
Operation time (hours)	1.025	0.973-1.080	0.350	1.008	0.957-1.061	0.773
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	1.000	1.000-1.000	0.398	1.000	0.999-1.000	0.800
Intraoperative blood transfusion
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.087	0.793-1.489	0.604	1.034	0.768-1.391	0.827
Tumor site
Pancreatic head and uncinate process	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Pancreatic neck	1.089	0.794-1.559	0.642	0.966	0.704-2.169	0.462
Pancreatic body and tail	1.340	0.715-2.511	0.361	1.235	0.681-1.371	0.848
Tumor differentiation
Low	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Moderate and high	0.605	0.437-0.838	0.003^a	0.704	0.505-0.981	0.038^a
Tumor diameter (cm)	1.159	1.069-1.256	< 0.001^a	1.146	1.074-1.223	< 0.001^a
Lymph node metastasis
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	1.702	1.176-2.463	0.005^a	1.430	1.015-2.014	0.041^a
Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Reference	-	-	Reference	-	-
Yes	0.735	0.536-1.007	0.055	0.876	0.645-1.189	0.396

^aP < 0.05.

HR: Hazard risk; sHR: Subdistribution hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cell; NEUT: Neutrophil; LYM: Lymphocyte; ALT: Alanine transaminase; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; PV: Portal vein; SMV: Superior mesenteric vein.

Full Size Table

Citation: Wang HX, Zhao Q, Huang JC, He Q, Lyu SC, Lang R. Pattern and risk factors for postoperative recurrence in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after upfront surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 119613
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i23/119613.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.119613

Wang HX, Zhao Q, Huang JC, He Q, Lyu SC, Lang R. Pattern and risk factors for postoperative recurrence in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after upfront surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 119613 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.119613]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.