Early recurrence risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma receiving preoperative radiotherapy: Incorporating clinical and imaging features across treatment phases

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.118308

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 32, Issue 23

This Article

(21)

(32)

(0)

(421)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

ISSN

1007-9327

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jun 21, 2026; 32(23): 118308
Published online Jun 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.118308

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics and imaging features of patients, n (%) or median (interquartile range)

Characteristics	Total (n = 81)	ER group (n = 37)	Non-ER group (n = 44)	P value
Clinical factors
Age (years)	55 (46.5-62)	55 (46.5-63.5)	53.5 (46.3-62)	0.456
Sex (male)	71 (87.7)	34 (91.9)	37 (84.1)	0.332
Child-Pugh class A	81 (100)	37 (100)	44 (100)
Cirrhosis	65 (80.2)	33 (89.2)	32 (72.7)	0.064
Hepatitis B	60 (74.1)	29 (78.4)	31 (70.5)	0.418
Hepatitis C	5 (6.2)	2 (5.4)	3 (6.8)	1.000
BCLC stage				0.877
A	51 (63.0)	23 (62.2)	28 (63.6)
B	3 (3.7)	1 (2.7)	2 (4.5)
C	27 (33.3)	13 (35.1)	14 (31.8)
AFP > 400 ng/mL	40 (49.4)	20 (54.1)	20 (45.5)	0.441
PLT < 100 × 10⁹/L	3 (3.7)	1 (2.7)	2 (4.5)	1.000
ALT > 40 U/L	28 (34.6)	15 (40.5)	13 (29.5)	0.300
AST > 40 U/L	30 (37.0)	16 (43.2)	14 (31.8)	0.289
GGT > 60 U/L	41 (50.6)	26 (70.3)	15 (34.1)	0.001^a
TBIL > 21 μmol/L	17 (21.0)	8 (21.6)	9 (20.5)	0.898
Albumin < 40 g/L	8 (9.9)	4 (10.8)	4 (9.1)	1.000
ALBI grade 2	12 (14.8)	6 (16.2)	6 (13.6)	0.764
Imaging features
Tumor size > 5 cm	59 (72.8)	30 (81.1)	29 (65.9)	0.142
Tumor number 2-3	6 (7.4)	4 (10.8)	2 (4.5)	0.404
Satellite tumors	6 (7.4)	4 (10.8)	2 (4.5)	0.404
Tumor in vein	25 (30.9)	12 (32.4)	13 (29.5)	0.779
PVTT I	15 (60.0)	10 (83.3)	5 (38.5)
PVTT II	8 (32.0)	1 (8.3)	7 (53.8)
PVTT III	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (7.7)
IVCTT	1 (4.0)	1 (8.3)	0 (0.0)
Nonrim APHE	51 (63.0)	21 (56.8)	30 (68.2)	0.289
Nonperipheral washout	70 (86.4)	32 (86.5)	38 (86.4)	0.987
Enhancing capsule	73 (90.1)	35 (94.6)	38 (86.4)	0.279
Mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity	79 (97.5)	37 (100)	42 (95.5)	0.498
Corona enhancement	48 (59.3)	24 (64.9)	24 (54.5)	0.346
Nonenhancing capsule	4 (4.9)	1 (2.7)	3 (6.8)	0.621
Nodule-in-nodule	12 (14.8)	5 (13.5)	7 (15.9)	0.762
Mosaic architecture	38 (46.9)	18 (48.6)	20 (45.5)	0.774
Blood products in mass	32 (39.5)	16 (43.2)	16 (36.4)	0.528
Fat in mass	33 (40.7)	16 (43.2)	17 (38.6)	0.674
Rim APHE	30 (37.0)	16 (43.2)	14 (31.8)	0.289
Peripheral washout	8 (9.9)	5 (13.5)	3 (6.8)	0.459
Delayed central enhancement	9 (11.1)	2 (5.4)	7 (15.9)	0.170
Targetoid restriction	12 (14.8)	4 (10.8)	8 (18.2)	0.352
Necrosis or severe ischemia	69 (85.2)	31 (83.8)	38 (86.4)	0.745
Nonsmooth tumor margin	69 (85.2)	32 (86.5)	37 (84.1)	0.762
APHE portion ≥ 50%	38 (46.9)	13 (35.1)	25 (56.8)	0.051
Intratumoral artery	45 (55.6)	22 (59.5)	23 (52.3)	0.517
Complete capsule	26 (32.1)	13 (35.1)	13 (29.5)	0.591
Tumor ADC (× 10^-3 mm²/second)	1.15 (1.04-1.26)	1.15 (1.02-1.24)	1.15 (1.06-1.32)	0.544
Tumor-to-liver ADC ratio	0.95 (0.85-1.06)	0.93 (0.86-1.02)	0.96 (0.84-1.09)	0.310

^aP < 0.05.

ER: Early recurrence; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PLT: Platelet count; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; IVCTT: Inferior vena cava tumor thrombus; APHE: Arterial phase hyperenhancement; ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient.

Full Size Table

Citation: Cong R, Chen B, Cheng SN, Zhai YR, Wu F, Feng B, Wang LY, Chen ZW, Zhu YJ, Ma XH, Zhao XM. Early recurrence risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma receiving preoperative radiotherapy: Incorporating clinical and imaging features across treatment phases. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 118308
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i23/118308.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.118308

Cong R, Chen B, Cheng SN, Zhai YR, Wu F, Feng B, Wang LY, Chen ZW, Zhu YJ, Ma XH, Zhao XM. Early recurrence risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma receiving preoperative radiotherapy: Incorporating clinical and imaging features across treatment phases. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 118308 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.118308]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.