Development and validation of a nomogram predicting rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with patent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with variceal rebleeding (n = 45) and the matched non-rebleeding group (n = 135), mean ± SD/n (%)

Variable	EGVB (n = 45)	Non-rebleeding (n = 135)	P value
Male sex	26 (57.8)	79 (58.5)	0.933
Age (years), median (IQR)	54.6 ± 10.1	55 (48-66)	0.562
Aetiology of cirrhosis			0.783
Hepatitis B virus	20 (44.4)	68 (50.4)
Alcoholic liver disease	7 (15.6)	24 (17.8)
Autoimmune	12 (26.7)	27 (20.0)
Others	6 (13.3)	16 (11.9)
CTP score, median (IQR)	7.0 (6.0-8.0)	7.0 (6.0-8.0)	0.202
CTP class			0.244
A	12 (26.7)	53 (39.3)
B	32 (71.1)	79 (58.5)
C	1 (2.2)	3 (2.2)
MELD score, median (IQR)	10.0 (9.0-12.0)	10.0 (8.9-13.0)	0.962
WBC (× 109/L), median (IQR)	2.5 (1.6-3.8)	2.9 (1.9-4.8)	0.0922
PLT (× 109/L), median (IQR)	41.0 (22.0-61.5)	76.0 (58.0-116.0)	< 0.0012,c
ALT (U/L), median (IQR)	19.2 (14.8-26.2)	21.2 (15.0-28.3)	0.682
AST (U/L), median (IQR)	25.6 (19.5-36.2)	28.3 (21.9-37.3)	0.322
ALB (g/L)	32.8 ± 4.4	33.2 ± 5.0	0.661
TB (μmol/L), median (IQR)	20.4 (12.9-26.4)	21.0 (14.8-29.6)	0.462
Cr (mmol/L), median (IQR)	59.0 (48.5-75.5)	59.0 (50.0-74.0)	0.972
PT (second)	14.5 ± 1.4	14.5 ± 2.4	0.991
INR, median (IQR)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 (1.2-1.4)	0.652
Pre-PPG (mmHg), median (IQR)	24.7 ± 3.5	21.0 (18.0-23.7)	< 0.0012,c
Post-PPG (mmHg), median (IQR)	11.8 ± 4.0	8.8 (7.9-12.0)	< 0.0012,c
PPG improvement rate (%), median (IQR)	51.9 ± 15.7	56.6 (44.4-63.2)	0.362
Diameter of stent			0.294
6 mm	7 (15.6)	10 (7.4)
7 mm	2 (4.4)	4 (3.0)
8 mm	36 (80.0)	120 (88.9)
10 mm	0 (0)	1 (0.7)
Length of spleen (cm), median (IQR)	20.3 ± 3.7	15.8 (13.6-18.3)	< 0.0012,c
Width of spleen (cm)	15.4 ± 2.5	12.7 ± 2.5	< 0.0011,c
Thickness of spleen (cm), median (IQR)	5.6 ± 1.5	5.6 (4.8-6.6)	0.781
Volume of spleen (cm3), median (IQR)	1019 (743-1354)	749 (454-924)	< 0.0012,c
Diameter of splenic vein (mm), median (IQR)	14.5 ± 3.1	12.0 (10.0-13.3)	< 0.0012,c
Spleen vein velocity (cm/second), median (IQR)	30.8 (26.8-37.1)	33.3 (28.2-37.5)	0.282
Flow volume of splenic vein (L/minute), median (IQR)	3.0 (2.1-4.5)	2.3 (1.4-3.2)	< 0.0012,c
Post 1 month WBC (× 109/L), median (IQR)	2.6 (1.6-3.6)	3.3 (2.2-4.4)	0.0142,a
Post 1 month PLT (× 109/L), median (IQR)	49 (32-67)	65 (39-100)	0.0092,b
Post 1 month velocity of blood flow in stent (cm/second), median (IQR)	199 (179-214)	189 (175-204)	0.0642
Post 12 months velocity of blood flow in stent (cm/second), median (IQR)	192 ± 33	182 (171-199)	0.0762
Post 12 months WBC (× 109/L), median (IQR)	2.7 (1.9-3.6)	3.7 (2.6-4.3)	< 0.0012,c
Post 12 months PLT (× 109/L), median (IQR)	38 (32-72)	77 (48-113)	< 0.0012,c
Portal vein thrombosis			0.124
No	31 (68.9)	85 (63.0)
Partial	12 (26.7)	49 (36.3)
Completely occluded or cavernoma	2 (4.4)	1 (0.7)
Gastrorenal shunt	6 (13.3)	14 (10.4)	0.583

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

¹Independent-sample t-test.

²Mann-Whitney U test.

³χ² test.

⁴Fisher’s exact test.

EGVB: Oesophagogastric variceal rebleeding; IQR: Interquartile range; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; TB: Total bilirubin; Cr: Creatinine; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; PPG: Portal pressure gradient.