Esmolol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injuries by enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway

Figure 12  Esmolol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 autophagy pathway. A: The MTT assay was used to detect cell viability; B-D: Western blotting analysis was performed to analyze Beclin-1, LC3-II expression in IEC-6 cells in the Sham, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + esmolol (ES), LPS + Compound C (CC), and LPS + ES + CC treatment groups (after 6 hours of treatment); E-H: Western blotting analysis was performed to analyze p-AMPK, p-ULK1, and p-mTOR expression in IEC-6 cells after 6 hours of treatment in each group. β-actin was used as a loading control and for normalization. Representative immunoblots and densitometry analyses are presented. Data in the Sham group were set to 1. n = 6 in each group. ES: Esmolol; CC: Compound C; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.