Esmolol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injuries by enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.117320

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jun 21, 2026; 32(23): 117320
Published online Jun 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.117320

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Figure 7 Evaluation of autophagosome counts in the Sham, lipopolysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide + esmolol, lipopolysaccharide + rapamycin, and lipopolysaccharide + 3-methyladenine groups. A: Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the number of autophagosomes formed in the intestinal tissue after the induction of sepsis. Blue and orange arrows denote autophagosomes. The autophagosome indicated by the orange arrow is magnified in the right panel. Magnification: × 125000; inset: × 500000; B: Autophagosome count based on transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar: 500 nm. n = 3 in each group. 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ES: Esmolol; RAPA: Rapamycin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.

Citation: Zhang YB, Yu ZJ, Jin J, Liu MX, Ji FH, Yang XJ. Esmolol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injuries by enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 117320
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i23/117320.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.117320

Zhang YB, Yu ZJ, Jin J, Liu MX, Ji FH, Yang XJ. Esmolol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injuries by enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(23): 117320 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i23.117320]

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