Esmolol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injuries by enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway

Figure 2 Interstitial tissue pathological changes in sepsis model rats at 12 and 24 hours (n = 6). The interstitial tissues from rats in different groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). A: No significant tissue destruction or other symptoms were observed in the Sham group; B: Whereas significant pathological tissue changes were observed in the lipopolysaccharide group; C: After treatment with esmolol, the impairments were reduced; D: Significant pathological tissue changes were observed in rats treated with 3-methyladenine; E: The impairments were reduced in rats treated with rapamycin. H&E, × 100 magnification, scale bar = 50 μm; × 400 magnification, scale bar = 20 μm. 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ES: Esmolol; NS: Normal saline; RAPA: Rapamycin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.