First large-scale prospective evaluation of serum S100A6 as a complementary biomarker for early pancreatic cancer detection

Figure 1 Serum S100A6 levels were compared among healthy controls, patients with chronic pancreatitis, and patients with pancreatic cancer stratified by stage (stage I/II and stage III/IV). Data are presented as box plots showing the median and interquartile range, with whiskers indicating the range. Overall differences among the four groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. When a significant overall difference was observed, post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using Scheffé’s test based on ranks. For binary comparisons between pancreatic cancer and non-pancreatic cancer groups, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were applied. Median values and interquartile ranges are shown below the plot. IQR: Interquartile range.