Salidroside mitigates experimental colitis through cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway activation and suppression of enteric glial cell responses

Figure 5 Network pharmacology predicted the targets of salidroside in alleviating ulcerative colitis, and transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes in the colon of ulcerative colitis patients. A: Venn diagram of potential targets of salidroside (Sal) in ameliorating ulcerative colitis (UC); B: Protein-protein interaction network of the 52 common targets of Sal and UC; C: Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of Sal in ameliorating UC; D: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of Sal in improving UC; E: Volcano plot displayed differentially expressed genes in the colon of UC patients compared with healthy controls; F: GO functional enrichment analysis of downregulated and upregulated genes in the colon of UC patients and healthy controls; G and H: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of downregulated (G) and upregulated (H) genes in the colon of UC patients vs healthy controls. I: Gene set enrichment analysis of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway in UC patients compared with healthy controls. GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; IL: Interleukin; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; AGE-RAGE: Advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.