Associations between dietary polyphenols and risks of gastric precancerous lesions and cancer

Figure 2 Distribution of dietary polyphenol intake across different gastric disease groups. A-H: Violin plots show the estimated daily intake of four polyphenol subclasses: Flavonoids (A and B), phenolic acids (C and D), lignans (E and F), and stilbenes (G and H). The midline indicates the median; the upper and lower edges correspond to the first and third quartiles, respectively. Between group differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test; I: Heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients among the four polyphenol subclasses. Correlations were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. P vs normal control group. Values in the heatmap represent the correlation coefficient r. NC: Normal control; GPL: Gastric precancerous lesions; GC: Gastric cancer; CAG: Chronic atrophic gastritis; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; LGD: Low-grade dysplasia.