Associations between dietary polyphenols and risks of gastric precancerous lesions and cancer

Table 4 Sensitivity analysis of the associations between dietary polyphenol and the risks of gastric cancer and gastric precancerous lesions based on quartiles of polyphenol intake

Polyphenol subclass	Chronic atrophic gastritis (n = 3070)		Intestinal metaplasia (n = 1612)		Low-grade dysplasia (n = 2031)		Gastric cancer (n = 224)
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Flavonoids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
Q1 (2.26-76.96)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2 (76.96-102.30)	1.09 (0.91-1.30)	0.365	1.40 (1.13-1.72)	0.002	1.33 (1.09-1.63)	0.005	0.80 (0.50-1.27)	0.349
Q3 (102.30-136.94)	1.02 (0.85-1.21)	0.864	1.14 (0.93-1.41)	0.208	1.25 (1.02-1.54)	0.030	0.93 (0.58-1.48)	0.758
Q4 (136.94-1488.59)	1.10 (0.92-1.31)	0.307	1.21 (0.98-1.50)	0.074	1.09 (0.89-1.35)	0.400	1.22 (0.79-1.88)	0.378
P for trend		0.455		0.287		0.556		0.303
Phenolic acids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
Q1 (7.26-61.43)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2 (61.43-76.76)	1.15 (0.96-1.37)	0.133	1.19 (0.97-1.46)	0.102	1.11 (0.91-1.37)	0.294	1.28 (0.82-2.00)	0.277
Q3 (76.76-95.84)	1.05 (0.88-1.25)	0.598	0.96 (0.78-1.18)	0.666	1.03 (0.84-1.27)	0.741	0.69 (0.43-1.12)	0.133
Q4 (95.84-494.41)	0.99 (0.82-1.20)	0.945	0.74 (0.59-0.93)	0.010	0.99 (0.80-1.23)	0.917	0.87 (0.53-1.42)	0.582
P for trend		0.762		0.003		0.770		0.200
Lignans (mg/1000 kcal/day)
Q1 (0.22-18.24)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2 (18.24-30.26)	0.95 (0.79-1.14)	0.572	0.82 (0.66-1.01)	0.057	0.79 (0.64-0.96)	0.020	0.89 (0.56-1.40)	0.608
Q3 (30.26-45.74)	0.89 (0.74-1.07)	0.216	0.80 (0.65-0.98)	0.033	0.84 (0.68-1.02)	0.084	0.99 (0.63-1.56)	0.965
Q4 (45.74-439.33)	0.88 (0.73-1.06)	0.178	0.76 (0.61-0.94)	0.010	0.80 (0.65-0.99)	0.041	1.14 (0.72-1.81)	0.568
P for trend		0.137		0.012		0.082		0.489
Stilbenes (μg/1000 kcal/day)
Q1 (0.00-0.28)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2 (0.28-5.21)	1.20 (1.00-1.45)	0.051	1.11 (0.90-1.36)	0.341	1.25 (1.02-1.54)	0.033	1.05 (0.68-1.64)	0.818
Q3 (5.21-13.40)	0.96 (0.80-1.14)	0.633	0.76 (0.62-0.93)	0.009	0.81 (0.66-1.00)	0.047	0.74 (0.48-1.16)	0.193
Q4 (13.40-3144.54)	0.88 (0.74-1.06)	0.178	0.58 (0.47-0.72)	< 0.001	0.82 (0.67-1.00)	0.055	0.80 (0.51-1.26)	0.344
P for trend		0.031		< 0.001		0.001		0.176

All models were adjusted for sex, age, education level, occupation, annual household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, Helicobacter pylori status, family history of digestive cancers, and all other polyphenol subclasses to account for potential mutual confounding among different polyphenol types. The intake of each subclass polyphenol was standardized by total energy intake (per 1000 kcal).