Associations between dietary polyphenols and risks of gastric precancerous lesions and cancer

Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of dietary polyphenol intake with subtypes of gastric precancerous lesions

Polyphenol subclass	Chronic atrophic gastritis (n = 3070)						Intestinal metaplasia (n = 1612)						Low-grade dysplasia (n = 2031)
	Crude model		Model 1		Model 2		Crude model		Model 1		Model 2		Crude model		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Flavonoids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (2.26-85.70)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (85.70-123.21)	1.06 (0.91-1.22)	0.477	1.10 (0.94-1.28)	0.229	1.07 (0.91-1.25)	0.403	1.19 (1.00-1.40)	0.048	1.25 (1.05-1.50)	0.012	1.23 (1.02-1.47)	0.026	1.10 (0.94-1.29)	0.238	1.20 (1.01-1.43)	0.038	1.12 (0.94-1.34)	0.194
T3 (123.21-1488.59)	1.10 (0.95-1.27)	0.224	1.12 (0.96-1.30)	0.151	1.08 (0.93-1.26)	0.324	1.08 (0.91-1.29)	0.352	1.10 (0.92-1.31)	0.314	1.07 (0.89-1.28)	0.474	1.15 (0.98-1.35)	0.089	1.18 (0.99-1.40)	0.061	1.05 (0.88-1.25)	0.597
P for trend		0.224		0.150		0.328		0.340		0.302		0.488		0.088		0.061		0.606
Log2 (continues)	1.06 (0.98-1.15)	0.143	1.08 (0.99-1.17)	0.079	1.05 (0.97-1.15)	0.248	1.13 (1.03-1.24)	0.010	1.16 (1.05-1.27)	0.004	1.13 (1.02-1.25)	0.017	1.19 (1.08-1.30)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.09-1.33)	< 0.001	1.10 (0.99-1.22)	0.070
Phenolic acids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (7.26-67.10)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (67.10-88.28)	1.13 (0.97-1.31)	0.113	1.15 (0.99-1.34)	0.077	1.11 (0.95-1.29)	0.197	1.13 (0.96-1.34)	0.143	1.13 (0.95-1.35)	0.161	1.06 (0.88-1.26)	0.549	1.25 (1.06-1.47)	0.008	1.32 (1.11-1.57)	0.002	1.20 (1.00-1.43)	0.046
T3 (88.28-494.41)	1.07 (0.93-1.24)	0.355	1.09 (0.94-1.26)	0.279	0.99 (0.84-1.16)	0.869	0.91 (0.77-1.08)	0.282	0.93 (0.78-1.11)	0.430	0.75 (0.62-0.91)	0.004	1.20 (1.02-1.41)	0.025	1.30 (1.09-1.54)	0.003	1.00 (0.83-1.20)	0.961
P for trend		0.352		0.276		0.909		0.311		0.456		0.006		0.027		0.003		0.994
Log2 (continues)	1.02 (0.92-1.14)	0.686	1.04 (0.93-1.16)	0.483	0.95 (0.84-1.08)	0.465	0.92 (0.81-1.05)	0.223	0.94 (0.83-1.08)	0.386	0.78 (0.67-0.9)	0.001	1.12 (0.99-1.26)	0.062	1.18 (1.04-1.34)	0.011	0.94 (0.81-1.08)	0.368
Lignans (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (0.22-22.05)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (22.05-39.22)	0.93 (0.80-1.08)	0.326	0.97 (0.83-1.13)	0.666	0.94 (0.80-1.09)	0.410	0.95 (0.80-1.12)	0.534	0.99 (0.83-1.18)	0.933	0.93 (0.78-1.11)	0.422	0.89 (0.75-1.05)	0.156	0.94 (0.79-1.11)	0.449	0.87 (0.73-1.04)	0.121
T3 (39.22-439.33)	0.88 (0.75-1.02)	0.082	0.92 (0.79-1.08)	0.302	0.87 (0.74-1.02)	0.076	0.83 (0.70-0.99)	0.036	0.89 (0.74-1.06)	0.197	0.80 (0.66-0.96)	0.017	0.95 (0.81-1.12)	0.554	1.02 (0.86-1.22)	0.780	0.86 (0.72-1.03)	0.106
P for trend		0.082		0.302		0.076		0.036		0.196		0.017		0.572		0.763		0.108
Log2 (continues)	0.98 (0.92-1.04)	0.443	1 (0.94-1.06)	0.954	0.97 (0.91-1.04)	0.386	0.93 (0.87-0.99)	0.035	0.96 (0.89-1.03)	0.234	0.91 (0.85-0.98)	0.017	1.00 (0.93-1.07)	0.945	1.03 (0.96-1.11)	0.342	0.96 (0.89-1.03)	0.279
Stilbenes (μg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (0.00-1.33)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (1.33-9.26)	1.05 (0.90-1.23)	0.510	1.11 (0.95-1.30)	0.198	1.09 (0.93-1.28)	0.300	0.91 (0.77-1.08)	0.293	0.98 (0.82-1.17)	0.785	0.94 (0.78-1.13)	0.497	1.05 (0.89-1.24)	0.573	1.14 (0.96-1.36)	0.139	1.05 (0.88-1.26)	0.574
T3 (9.26-3144.54)	0.82 (0.71-0.95)	0.009	0.90 (0.77-1.05)	0.173	0.87 (0.75-1.02)	0.089	0.53 (0.45-0.63)	< 0.001	0.61 (0.51-0.73)	< 0.001	0.58 (0.48-0.69)	< 0.001	0.79 (0.68-0.93)	0.005	0.88 (0.74-1.04)	0.138	0.78 (0.66-0.94)	0.007
P for trend		0.007		0.136		0.067		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.004		0.112		0.005
Log2 (continues)	0.97 (0.94-0.99)	0.010	0.98 (0.95-1.00)	0.105	0.97 (0.94-0.99)	0.040	0.90 (0.87-0.92)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.89-0.95)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.87-0.94)	< 0.001	0.96 (0.94-0.99)	0.011	0.97 (0.94-0.99)	0.085	0.95 (0.92-0.98)	0.002

Crude model was adjusted for total energy intake and standardized to intakes per 1000 kcal. Model 1 further adjusted for sex, age, education level, occupation, annual household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, Helicobacter pylori status, and family history of digestive cancers. Model 2 additionally included all other polyphenol subclasses to account for potential mutual confounding among different polyphenol types. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.