Associations between dietary polyphenols and risks of gastric precancerous lesions and cancer

Table 2 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of dietary polyphenol intake with gastric precancerous lesions and gastric cancer

Polyphenol subclass	Gastric precancerous lesions (n = 6713)						Gastric cancer (n = 224)
	Crude model		Model 1		Model 2		Crude model		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Flavonoids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (2.26-85.70)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (85.70-123.21)	1.10 (0.96-1.26)	0.163	1.13 (0.99-1.30)	0.077	1.09 (0.95-1.25)	0.224	0.86 (0.60-1.22)	0.389	1.10 (0.74-1.64)	0.647	0.99 (0.65-1.49)	0.957
T3 (123.21-1488.59)	1.11 (0.97-1.27)	0.129	1.12 (0.98-1.29)	0.105	1.06 (0.92-1.22)	0.402	1.13 (0.81-1.58)	0.469	1.39 (0.96-2.03)	0.085	1.25 (0.85-1.85)	0.258
P for trend		0.127		0.104		0.406		0.475		0.085		0.250
Log2 (continues)	1.11 (1.03-1.20)	0.004	1.12 (1.04-1.21)	0.004	1.08 (0.99-1.16)	0.072	1.11 (0.92-1.35)	0.267	1.25 (1.02-1.55)	0.034	1.15 (0.92-1.43)	0.212
Phenolic acids (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (7.26-67.10)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (67.10-88.28)	1.16 (1.02-1.33)	0.028	1.18 (1.03-1.35)	0.020	1.11 (0.97-1.28)	0.141	0.96 (0.68-1.35)	0.813	1.07 (0.72-1.57)	0.749	0.93 (0.63-1.38)	0.725
T3 (88.28-494.41)	1.07 (0.93-1.22)	0.336	1.09 (0.95-1.25)	0.227	0.93 (0.80-1.07)	0.303	0.96 (0.68-1.35)	0.815	1.10 (0.75-1.61)	0.619	0.77 (0.50-1.18)	0.234
P for trend		0.331		0.225		0.344		0.812		0.618		0.237
Log2 (continues)	1.03 (0.93-1.13)	0.607	1.04 (0.94-1.15)	0.416	0.90 (0.8-1.01)	0.073	1.04 (0.81-1.34)	0.773	1.17 (0.89-1.56)	0.268	0.89 (0.65-1.23)	0.493
Lignans (mg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (0.22-22.05)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (22.05-39.22)	0.92 (0.80-1.05)	0.233	0.96 (0.83-1.10)	0.532	0.90 (0.78-1.04)	0.151	0.88 (0.63-1.25)	0.487	1.02 (0.69-1.51)	0.919	0.94 (0.63-1.39)	0.745
T3 (39.22-439.33)	0.89 (0.78-1.02)	0.085	0.93 (0.81-1.07)	0.287	0.83 (0.72-0.96)	0.010	0.91 (0.65-1.28)	0.580	1.29 (0.88-1.90)	0.196	1.12 (0.75-1.66)	0.591
P for trend		0.086		0.288		0.010		0.584		0.198		0.589
Log2 (continues)	0.97 (0.92-1.02)	0.285	0.99 (0.94-1.05)	0.788	0.94 (0.89-1.00)	0.053	0.96 (0.84-1.10)	0.518	1.09 (0.94-1.28)	0.251	1.04 (0.89-1.22)	0.647
Stilbenes (μg/1000 kcal/day)
T1 (0.00-1.33)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2 (1.33-9.26)	1.01 (0.88-1.17)	0.852	1.09 (0.94-1.26)	0.241	1.04 (0.90-1.21)	0.555	0.84 (0.60-1.18)	0.320	0.95 (0.65-1.40)	0.805	0.90 (0.61-1.32)	0.584
T3 (9.26-3144.54)	0.73 (0.64-0.84)	< 0.001	0.82 (0.71-0.94)	0.005	0.78 (0.67-0.89)	< 0.001	0.59 (0.42-0.84)	0.003	0.82 (0.56-1.22)	0.334	0.76 (0.51-1.12)	0.167
P for trend		< 0.001		0.003		< 0.001		0.003		0.338		0.168
Log2 (continues)	0.95 (0.93-0.97)	< 0.001	0.96 (0.94-0.99)	0.002	0.95 (0.93-0.97)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.86-0.97)	0.006	0.98 (0.91-1.05)	0.489	0.96 (0.89-1.03)	0.248

Crude model was adjusted for total energy intake and standardized to intakes per 1000 kcal. Model 1 further adjusted for sex, age, education level, occupation, annual household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, Helicobacter pylori status, and family history of digestive cancers. Model 2 additionally included all other polyphenol subclasses to account for potential mutual confounding among different polyphenol types. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.