Cedrol ameliorates ulcerative colitis via myeloid differentiation factor 2-mediated inflammation suppression, with barrier restoration and microbiota modulation

Figure 4 Network-based pharmacological investigation. A: Venn diagram identifying 138 overlapping targets between cedrol and ulcerative colitis; B: Comprehensive protein-protein interaction network of overlapping targets; C: Core target subnetwork (28 high-connectivity nodes); D-F: Bubble plots for gene ontology-biological processes, gene ontology-cellular components, and gene ontology-molecular functions; G: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment bubble plot (top 20 pathways by significance). CE: Cedrol; UC: Ulcerative colitis; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; PD-1: Programmed cell death 1; HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor; AGE: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B.