Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting acute kidney injury after pancreatic surgery

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i19.116271

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. May 21, 2026; 32(19): 116271
Published online May 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i19.116271

Table 2 Subgroup analysis of stage I and stage II/III acute kidney injury, n (%)

Variables	All AKI (n = 230)	Stage I AKI (n = 190)	Stage II and III AKI (n = 40)	P value
Age (years), median (IQR)	65 (57 to 70)	65 (57 to 69)	65 (56 to 72)	0.721
Male	143 (62)	117 (62)	26 (65)	0.690
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	23.02 (20.89 to 25.80)	23.18 (21.08 to 25.83)	22.94 (20.71 to 25.23)	0.644
HTN	90 (39)	68 (36)	22 (55)	0.024
Drinking	63 (27)	47 (25)	16 (40)	0.049
Preoperative variables
PT (seconds), median (IQR)	11.9 (11.4 to 12.6)	11.9 (11.4 to 12.5)	12.2 (11.7 to 12.7)	0.081
APTT (seconds), median (IQR)	27.0 (25.2 to 29.0)	26.8 (25.1 to 28.7)	27.6 (26.3 to 30.2)	0.051
Postoperative variables
PT (seconds), median (IQR)	13.0 (12.3 to 13.8)	12.9 (12.3 to 13.7)	13.1 (12.2 to 14.3)	0.316
APTT (seconds), median (IQR)	27.7 (25.3 to 31.1)	27.5 (25.3 to 30.5)	30.5 (26.3 to 35.6)	0.013
Postoperative complications
CR-POPF	47 (20)	32 (17)	15 (38)	0.003
PPH, grade B and C	59 (26)	43 (23)	16 (40)	0.022
DGE, grade B and C	47 (20)	34 (18)	13 (33)	0.037
Abdominal infection	77 (33)	56 (29)	21 (53)	0.005
Shock	54 (23)	39 (21)	15 (38)	0.021
Clinical outcomes
Length of hospital stay (days), median (IQR)	29 (18 to 44)	27 (18 to 39)	43 (28 to 53)	< 0.001
Length of ICU stay (days), median (IQR)	1 (0 to 3)	1 (0 to 3)	3 (1 to 5)	0.017
In-hospital mortality	12 (5)	6 (3)	6 (15)	< 0.001

AKI: Acute kidney injury; BMI: Body mass index; IQR: Interquartile range; HTN: Hypertension; PT: Prothrombin time; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; CR-POPF: Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula; DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; PPH: Post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage; ICU: Intensive care unit.

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Citation: Lin C, Fu RK, Zheng H, Li TY, Han JS, Margonis GA, Wang JJ, Dong LB, Wang NS, Sun YX, Wang YZ, Liu C, Xu Q, Han XL, Zhang TP, Guo JC, Dai MH, Xia P, Chen LM, Wang WB. Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting acute kidney injury after pancreatic surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(19): 116271
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i19/116271.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i19.116271

Lin C, Fu RK, Zheng H, Li TY, Han JS, Margonis GA, Wang JJ, Dong LB, Wang NS, Sun YX, Wang YZ, Liu C, Xu Q, Han XL, Zhang TP, Guo JC, Dai MH, Xia P, Chen LM, Wang WB. Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting acute kidney injury after pancreatic surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(19): 116271 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i19.116271]

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