Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection vs thoracoscopic surgery for complex esophageal subepithelial lesions arising from the muscularis propria

Figure 3 Endoscopic techniques for defect closure. A: Incomplete closure of esophageal wall defect using metallic clips; B: Kissing suture technique for the esophageal wall defect using a nylon loop and metallic clips; C: Esophageal wall defect managed withe the placement of a fully-covered stent.