Helicobacter pylori eradication and the prevention of peptic ulcer bleeding and cardiovascular disease progression in chronic aspirin users

Table 14 Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding using E-values

Outcome	Adjusted HR for H. pylori	95%CI	E-value (point estimate)	E-value for CI lower bound	Interpretation
PUB	4.2	2.1-8.3	5.0	3.1	To fully explain the observed HR of 4.2, an unmeasured confounder would need to be associated with both H. pylori and PUB by hazard ratios of ≥ 5.0 each, beyond the measured covariates
CV disease progression	3.5	1.8-6.7	4.2	2.6	To fully explain the observed HR of 3.5, an unmeasured confounder would need to be associated with both H. pylori and CV progression by hazard ratios of ≥ 4.2 each

E-value: The minimum strength of association (on the risk-ratio scale) an unmeasured confounder must have with both exposure and outcome, conditional on measured covariates, to explain away the observed association. PUB: Peptic ulcer bleeding; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; CV: Cardiovascular.