Niu Huang mitigates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by modulating farnesoid X receptor activation and the complement 3/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Figure 9 Farnesoid X receptor inhibitor abolishes the therapeutic effects of the Niu Huang. A: Representative images of the colon length; B: Colon length (n = 4 in each group); C and D: Protein expression levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, complement component 3, p-P65 and P65 in colon tissues (n = 4 in each group); E: Representative images of the colon length; F: Colon length (n = 6 in each group); G: Disease active index; H: Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining images of colon tissues. ^aP < 0.05 vs dextran sulfate sodium group, ^bP < 0.01 vs dextran sulfate sodium group. WT: Wild type; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; C3: Complement component 3; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; Gug: Guggulsterone; NH: Niu Huang.