Deep learning-based multimodal model for predicting on-treatment histological outcomes in chronic hepatitis B-associated advanced liver fibrosis

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116679

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Apr 21, 2026; 32(15): 116679
Published online Apr 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116679

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of reversal and non-reversal patients, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (Q1-Q3)

Characteristics	Training and validation sets				Test set
Characteristics	Overall (n = 164)	Reversal (n = 63)	Non-reversal (n = 101)	P value	Overall (n = 74)	Reversal (n = 40)	Non-reversal (n = 34)	P value
Demography
Age (years)	42.85 ± 10.06	43.53 ± 11.50	42.44 ± 9.10	0.52	41.96 ± 10.21	37 (34.50-42)	47 (39-50.75)	0.001
Gender				0.49				0.09
Male	104 (63.80)	37 (59.68)	67 (66.34)		55 (75.34)	33 (84.62)	22 (64.71)
Female	59 (36.20)	25 (40.32)	34 (33.66)		18 (24.66)	6 (15.38)	12 (35.29)
Drinks	30 (18.40)	10 (16.13)	20 (19.80)	0.70	5 (6.85)	2 (5.13)	3 (8.82)	0.66
Smoke	33 (20.25)	10 (16.13)	23 (22.77)	0.41	7 (9.59)	4 (10.26)	3 (8.82)	1
BMI (kg/m²)	23.53 (21.15-25.41)	23.47 (21.72-25.38)	23.63 (20.96-25.43)	0.85	23.03 (21.51-24.82)	23.18 (21.14-24.56)	23.03 (21.72-25)	0.54
Laboratory tests
PLT (10⁹/L)	165.50 (120-198.50)	177.50 (132-209.50)	164 (115-187)	0.02	153.73 ± 50.19	160.13 ± 49.54	144.68 ± 50.11	0.19
ALB (g/L)	42 (39.45-45)	42 (39.78-44)	42 (39-45)	0.62	42.40 ± 4.60	42.50 ± 3.65	42.28 ± 5.55	0.84
PT (seconds)	12.70 (11.70-13.70)	12.75 (11.70-13.57)	12.6 (11.90-14)	0.45	12.30 ± 1.60	12.60 ± 1.54	12.01 ± 1.63	0.11
ALT (IU/L)	51 (32.50-103)	54 (27.25-107.25)	50 (36-100)	0.70	47 (30-90)	55 (32-92)	42 (29.25-66.60)	0.48
AST (IU/L)	44 (29-73)	41 (28.20-73.50)	45 (30-69)	0.50	34 (27-69)	33 (27.50-74.50)	34.50 (26-65.75)	0.69
ALP (U/L)	81.50 (67-104)	76 (65.75-90.25)	89 (68-114.50)	0.01	76 (60.75-90.25)	72 (60-89.50)	80.50 (67-90.25)	0.67
GGT (U/L)	38 (22-70.75)	32 (21-54)	45 (22-75.50)	0.08	32.5 (20-67)	30 (20-48)	34.5 (20-71.50)	0.48
TBiL (μmol/L)	13 (10.15-17)	12 (9.85-16.58)	13.7 (11-17)	0.22	15.40 (12.23-21.10)	15.70 (13.40-20.70)	16 (12.16-23.28)	0.68
AFP (ng/mL)	5 (2.34-9)	4.88 (2.30-9.20)	5 (2.34-8.88)	0.75	5.2 (2.90-11.80)	4.51 (2.59-15.92)	5.38 (3.14-9.51)	0.47
Fibrosis staging models
LSM (kPa)	10.6 (6.35-16.30)	8.85 (5.80-12.80)	12.30 (7.60-18.50)	0.002	8.3 (6.20-15.30)	7.6 (6.15-14)	9.8 (6.40-16.15)	0.270
APRI	0.73 (0.41-1.39)	0.58 (0.39-1.18)	0.76 (0.46-1.51)	0.08	0.74 (0.40-1.20)	0.77 (0.37-1.19)	0.7 (0.47-1.29)	0.70
FIB4	1.63 (1.10-2.67)	1.53 (0.97-2.39)	1.69 (1.15-2.83)	0.27	1.57 (1.08-2.54)	1.43 (1.03-2.02)	1.8 (1.17-3)	0.07
HBV markers
HBsAg¹	3.46 (3.09-4.01)	3.59 (3.18-4.11)	3.45 (2.98-3.85)	0.21	3.5 (3.06-4.04)	3.56 ± 0.91	3.53 ± 0.70	0.86
HbeAg				1.00				0.20
Positive	101 (61.96)	38 (61.29)	63 (62.38)		37 (50.68)	23 (58.97)	14 (41.18)
Negative	62 (38.04)	24 (38.71)	38 (37.62)		36 (49.32)	16 (41.03)	20 (58.82)
HBV DNA¹	5.98 (4.75-7.33)	6.67 (4.89-7.78)	5.71 (4.75-7.17)	0.13	6.28 (5.04-7.75)	6.91 (5.23-8.01)	5.52 (4.95-6.63)	0.07
Histology
HAI				0.04				0.34
1-4	32 (19.63)	8 (12.90)	24 (23.76)		18 (24.66)	8 (20.51)	10 (29.41)
5-8	92 (56.44)	42 (67.74)	50 (49.50)		38 (52.05)	20 (51.28)	18 (52.94)
9-12	38 (23.31)	11 (17.74)	27 (26.73)		16 (21.92)	11 (28.21)	5 (14.71)
13-18	1 (0.61)	1 (1.61)	0 (0)		1 (1.37)	0 (0)	1 (2.94)
Ishak score				0.73				0.27
3	47 (28.83)	21 (33.87)	26 (25.74)		24 (32.88)	15 (38.46)	9 (26.47)
4	24 (14.72)	8 (12.90)	16 (15.84)		12 (16.44)	8 (20.51)	4 (11.76)
5	31 (19.02)	11 (17.74)	20 (19.80)		17 (23.29)	6 (15.38)	11 (32.35)
6	61 (37.42)	22 (35.48)	39 (38.61)		20 (27.40)	10 (25.64)	10 (29.41)

¹Represents log10 IU/mL.

BMI: Body mass index; PLT: Platelet; ALB: Albumin; PT: Prothrombin time; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; TBiL: Total bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; APRI: Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet index; FIB4: Fibrosis index based on 4 factors; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HAI: Histologic activity index.

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Citation: Han W, Cheng DY, He QW, Wang SH, Gong SJ, Chen Y, Yang YP. Deep learning-based multimodal model for predicting on-treatment histological outcomes in chronic hepatitis B-associated advanced liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(15): 116679
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i15/116679.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116679

Han W, Cheng DY, He QW, Wang SH, Gong SJ, Chen Y, Yang YP. Deep learning-based multimodal model for predicting on-treatment histological outcomes in chronic hepatitis B-associated advanced liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(15): 116679 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116679]

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