Habitat imaging on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts early response to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116364

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Apr 21, 2026; 32(15): 116364
Published online Apr 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116364

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all cohorts, n (%)

Features	Training cohort (n = 107)	Validation cohort (n = 46)	External validation cohort (n = 70)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	63.24 ± 11.72	61.80 ± 13.07	65.74 ± 9.59	0.160
Sex				0.791
Male	87 (81.3)	37 (80.4)	54 (77.1)
Female	20 (18.7)	9 (19.6)	16 (22.9)
Size > 5 cm				0.427
Yes	44 (41.1)	17 (37.0)	22 (31.4)
No	63 (58.9)	29 (63.0)	48 (68.6)
Tumor number				0.168
Single	39 (36.4)	17 (37.0)	35 (50.0)
Multiple	68 (63.6)	29 (63.0)	35 (50.0)
Vascular tumor thrombus				0.154
Yes	35 (32.7)	11 (23.9)	14 (20.0)
No	72 (67.3)	35 (76.1)	56 (80.0)
Cirrhosis				0.187
Yes	77 (72.0)	28 (60.9)	42 (60.0)
No	30 (28.0)	18 (39.1)	28 (40.0)
ALP > 125 U/L				0.785
Yes	43 (40.2)	19 (41.3)	25 (35.7)
No	64 (59.8)	27 (58.7)	45 (64.3)
AFP > 400 ng/mL				0.609
Yes	24 (22.4)	11 (23.9)	12 (17.1)
No	83 (77.6)	35 (76.1)	58 (82.9)
AST > 40 U/L				0.178
Yes	63 (58.9)	30 (65.2)	34 (48.6)
No	44 (41.1)	16 (34.8)	36 (51.4)
ALT > 50 U/L				0.836
Yes	31 (29.0)	14 (30.4)	18 (25.7)
No	76 (71.0)	32 (69.6)	52 (74.3)
TBIL < 19 μmol/L				0.562
Yes	56 (52.3)	24 (52.2)	42 (60.0)
No	51 (47.7)	22 (47.8)	28 (40.0)
ALB > 40 g/L				0.087
Yes	21 (19.6)	13 (28.3)	24 (34.3)
No	86 (80.4)	33 (71.7)	46 (65.7)
History of hepatitis B				0.432
Yes	89 (83.2)	41 (89.1)	56 (80.0)
No	18 (16.8)	5 (10.9)	14 (20.0)
ECOG				0.673
0	88 (82.2)	41 (89.1)	60 (85.7)
1	14 (13.1)	4 (8.7)	9 (12.9)
2	5 (4.7)	1 (2.2)	1 (1.4)
BCLC				0.369
0	4 (3.7)	1 (2.2)	6 (8.6)
A	37 (34.6)	18 (39.1)	29 (41.4)
B	24 (22.4)	14 (30.4)	17 (24.3)
C	40 (37.4)	11 (23.9)	17 (24.3)
D	2 (1.9)	2 (4.3)	1 (1.4)
Child-Pugh				0.102
A	61 (57.0)	29 (63.0)	53 (75.7)
B	44 (41.1)	15 (32.6)	16 (22.9)
C	2 (1.9)	2 (4.3)	1 (1.4)

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.

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Citation: Lv JB, Liu W, Wei YG, Tang HN, Chen QQ, Hu HJ, Hu JB. Habitat imaging on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts early response to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(15): 116364
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i15/116364.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116364

Lv JB, Liu W, Wei YG, Tang HN, Chen QQ, Hu HJ, Hu JB. Habitat imaging on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts early response to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(15): 116364 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116364]

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