Wuda granules target estrogen receptors and modulate gut microbiota to alleviate postoperative ileus: A multi-omics perspective

Figure 7 Effects of Wuda granules on the intestinal flora in postoperative ileus mice. A-C: Α-diversity indices: Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson; D: Principal coordinates analysis plot based on the Bray-Curtis distance showing β-diversity differences among groups; E: Bray-Curtis Anosim test validating community structure differences; F: Linear discriminant analysis revealing significantly different taxa between postoperative ileus and Wuda granules groups (linear discriminant analysis score > 3); G and H: Gut microbiota composition at the genus and species levels; I and J: Relative abundance of key differential genera (Parabacteroides, Bacteroides) and species (Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Bacteroides acidifaciens). ^aP < 0.05 vs postoperative ileus. POI: Postoperative ileus; WDG: Wuda granules; PCoA: Principal coordinates analysis; P. goldsteinii: Parabacteroides goldsteinii; B. acidifaciens: Bacteroides acidifaciens.