Wuda granules target estrogen receptors and modulate gut microbiota to alleviate postoperative ileus: A multi-omics perspective

Figure 5 Effects of Wuda granules on the expression of the enteric pacemaker-hormonal-neuronal regulation axis in the small intestine of postoperative ileus mice. A: Representative immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine-protein kinase kit, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, estrogen receptor (ER), and anoctamin-1 in small-intestinal tissues from different groups (magnification: 200 ×); B: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of ERα and ERβ protein levels in the small intestine (n = 6); C: Western blot analysis of tyrosine-protein kinase kit, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and ER protein levels in intestinal tissues; D: Quantification of protein expression levels normalized to 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05 vs postoperative ileus, and ^cP < 0.001 vs postoperative ileus. POI: Postoperative ileus; WDG: Wuda granules; c-Kit: Tyrosine-protein kinase kit; nNOS: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase; ER: Estrogen receptor; ANO1: Anoctamin-1; GAPDH: 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.