Wuda granules target estrogen receptors and modulate gut microbiota to alleviate postoperative ileus: A multi-omics perspective

Figure 3 Wuda granules improve intestinal barrier structure and function in postoperative ileus mice. A and B: Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining of the small intestine and colon (magnification: 200 ×); C: Serum D-lactic acid levels; D and E: Relative mRNA expression of tight-junction protein-1 and occludin in small-intestinal tissue, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). ^aP < 0.05 vs postoperative ileus, and ^cP < 0.001 vs postoperative ileus. HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; POI: Postoperative ileus; WDG: Wuda granules; TJP-1: Tight-junction protein-1.