Wuda granules target estrogen receptors and modulate gut microbiota to alleviate postoperative ileus: A multi-omics perspective

Figure 2 Effects of Wuda granules on histopathological changes and inflammatory cytokine levels in the colon and small intestine of postoperative ileus mice. A and B: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained images of the small intestine and colon tissues (magnification: 200 ×); C-F: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase expression in colon tissue; G-J: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase expression in small intestine tissue. ^aP < 0.05 vs postoperative ileus, ^bP < 0.01 vs postoperative ileus, and ^cP < 0.001 vs postoperative ileus. POI: Postoperative ileus; WDG: Wuda granules; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MPO: Myeloperoxidase.