Roles of hepatic immunity in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Cellular and molecular mechanisms and clinical trials

Table 2 Clinical trials of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease treatments

Treatments	Drugs	Trials	Phases	Functions	Ref.
THR-β agonist	HSK31679	NCT05531097	1	Ameliorate diet-induced MASH by modulating gut microbiota and peripheral dendritic cells and macrophages	Zhang et al[94]
THR-β agonist	MGL-3196 (resmetirom)	NCT03900429	3	Treatment of resmetirom at a dose of 80 mg or 100 mg, once daily for 52 weeks, can improve liver fibrosis and reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level from the baseline	Harrison et al[95]
THR-β agonist	TERN-501	NCT05415722	2	Reduce liver fat content compared to placebo in a dose-dependent manner	Noureddin et al[96]
Anti-human CCL24 monoclonal antibody	CM-101	NCT06044467	1	It can reduce serum levels of inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers in patients with MASLD	Mor et al[99]
		NCT06037577	1
		NCT06025851	1
A long-acting fibroblast growth factor 21 analogue	Efimosfermin alfa	NCT04880031	2	Reduce hepatic glycogen storage, attenuate lipid accumulation, ameliorate fibrosis, and suppress immune response	Tang and Borlak[100]; Loomba et al[101]
Farnesoid X receptor agonist	Vonafexor (EYP001a)	NCT03812029	2	Reduce body weight, liver fat, and biomarker enzymes in patients with suspected fibrotic MASH	Ratziu et al[104]
PPAR agonist	Lanifibranor	NCT03459079	2	It significantly improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced intrahepatic triglyceride content	Barb et al[109]
PPARα agonist	Pemafibrate	NCT03350165	2	Decrease levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B from the baselines in patients with MASLD	le Roux et al[112]
		NCT05923281	3
A dual agonist of glucagon receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor	Survodutide	NCT04771273	2	Reduce liver fat content and improve liver fibrosis in patients with MASH	Sanyal et al[113]
Free fatty acid receptor 1 and 4 agonist	Icosabutate (NST-4016)	NCT04052516	2	Reduce liver injury biomarkers and decrease liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with MASH and mild to severe fibrosis	Harrison et al[114]

THR-β: Thyroid hormone receptor-β; CCL24: C-C motif chemokine ligand 24; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.