Reprogramming of amino acid metabolism in cholangiocarcinoma: A potential target for metabolic-targeted therapy

Figure 7 A comprehensive view of amino acid metabolism alteration in cholangiocarcinoma. The up or down direction of the arrows indicates increased or decreased levels in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The black arrows denote the pro-tumor effects of the genes or intermediates, while the white arrow denotes their anti-tumor effects. AGC: Aspartate-glutamate carrier; GLS1: Glutaminase 1; GDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase; GOT: Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; α-KG: Alpha-ketoglutarate; ANXA1: Annexin A1; USP5: Ubiquitin-specific protease 5; GAD1: Glutamate decarboxylase 1; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; IP3: Inositol trisphosphate; PKA: Protein kinase A; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3; MTR: 5-Methylthioribose; MTAP: Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; MTA: 5'-Methylthioadenosine; MAT1: Methionine adenosyltransferase 1; MS: Methionine synthase; AHCY: Adenosylhomocysteinase; MT: Methyltransferase; PRMT5: Protein arginine methyltransferase 5; MAOA: Monoamine oxidase A; TPH1: Tryptophan hydroxylase; DDC: Dopa decarboxylase; IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1; ARIH2: Ariadne homolog 2; OTUD4: OTU deubiquitinase 4; PPDPF: Pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor; BCAT2: Branched chain amino acid transaminase 2; BCKD: Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase; MCC: Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; CPS1: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1; OTC: Ornithine transcarbamylase; ASS: Argininosuccinate synthetase; ASL: Argininosuccinate lyase; ARG: Arginase.