Reprogramming of amino acid metabolism in cholangiocarcinoma: A potential target for metabolic-targeted therapy

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i13.115536

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Apr 7, 2026; 32(13): 115536
Published online Apr 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i13.115536

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Figure 4 Metabolisms of tryptophan and its roles in cholangiocarcinoma cells, including the kynurenine pathway and serotonin pathway. In the serotonin pathway, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) expression and catalytic activity can be regulated by the transcription factor SP-1, which binds to the MAOA promoter. R1 repressor competitively binds to the SP-1 site on the MAOA core promoter, leading to suppression of MAOA gene expression. The up or down direction of the arrows indicates increased or decreased levels in cholangiocarcinoma cells. MAOA: Monoamine oxidase A; RAM2: R1 repressor; TPH1: Tryptophan hydroxylase; DDC: Dopa decarboxylase; IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1.

Citation: Khawkhiaw K, Lert-Itthiporn W, Seyedasli N, Chiu CF, Saengboonmee C. Reprogramming of amino acid metabolism in cholangiocarcinoma: A potential target for metabolic-targeted therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(13): 115536
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i13/115536.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i13.115536

Khawkhiaw K, Lert-Itthiporn W, Seyedasli N, Chiu CF, Saengboonmee C. Reprogramming of amino acid metabolism in cholangiocarcinoma: A potential target for metabolic-targeted therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(13): 115536 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i13.115536]

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