Microbiome-immune interactions in autoimmune liver diseases

Table 4 Association of the gut microbiota composition and function with the effectiveness of therapy for primary biliary cholangitis

Ref.	Patients	Sequencing method	Treatment	Taxa increased in response group	Taxa decreased in response group	Taxa associated with poor response	Correlations	Other findings
Li et al[111]	PBC response, n = 14; PBC poor response, n = 14	Whole-genome shotgun	Cholestyramine	Lachnospiraceae	Roseburia intestinalis	Klebsiella pneumonia, Prevotella copri	Lachnospiraceae negatively correlated with total bilirubin, positively correlated with secondary BAs	Elevated fecal SCFAs in response group
Martinez-Gili et al[109]	PBC response, n = 212; PBC non response, n = 191	16S rRNA	UDCA	Desulfobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, Actinobacteriota	Clostridia, Saccharimonadia, Veillonellaceae	Sellimonas, Coriobacteriia	Actinobacteriota positively correlated with a secondary BAs derived from cholic acid; Veillonellaceae correlated with urine levels of CDCA and UDCA	Responders had higher level of fecal secondary BAs and lower level of urinary BAs
Han et al[107]	PBC response, n = 14; PBC poor response, n = 11	Not specified	UDCA	Gemmiger qucibialis, Bariatricus comes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Blautia obeum, and others	Ruminococcus, Clostridium	Ruminococcus gnavus	Gemmiger qucibialis negatively correlated with serum levels of ALT, total bilirubin and total BAs
Wang et al[108]	UDCA-naive patients with PBC, n = 51; HCs, n = 50		UDCA				Decreased fecal butyrate associated with poor response, ALT and total bilirubin	The suppressive function of circulating MDSCs was reduced in non-responders and restored by butyrate
Liu et al[115]	UDCA-naive patients with PBC, n = 132; HCs, n = 131	16S rRNA	UDCA	Bacteroides, Clostridia	Veillonella		Low abundance of fecal Clostridia was associated with poor response	Increased secondary BAs were associated with better response

PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; HC: Healthy controls; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; BAs: Bile acids; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells.