Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted procedures for the management of postoperative benign bilioenteric anastomotic strictures with or without biliary stones

Figure 1 The technical details of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted procedures for the treatment of benign bilioenteric anastomotic strictures in 40 patients. ¹Including 31 patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted stricture dilation (24 with stricture dilation alone and 7 with successful anastomotic recanalization prior to stricture dilation). ²Twenty-eight patients received anastomotic stricture dilation/recanalization and 8 with mild stricture did not receive stricture dilation. ³Placement of an indwelling percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy catheter across the anastomosis due to unsuccessful first balloon dilation, residual or potential stone, or bougie dilation alone. PTCS: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy; BBAS: Benign bilioenteric anastomotic stricture; EHL: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy; LL: Laser lithotripsy; PTC: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography; BD: Balloon dilation.