Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted procedures for the management of postoperative benign bilioenteric anastomotic strictures with or without biliary stones

Table 1 Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with benign biliary anastomotic stricture, n (%)

Characteristics	Value
Age (years), median (range)	53 (25-72)
Sex
Male	16 (40.0)
Female	24 (60.0)
Clinical presentation
Repeated cholangitis	36 (90.0)
Obstructive jaundice	4 (10.0)
Underlying causes of Roux-en-Y bilioenterostomy
LC with intraoperative bile duct injury	14 (35.0)
Choledochal cyst	8 (20.0)
Hepatolithiasis	7 (17.5)
Pancreatic cystic or solid tumor	5 (12.5)
Ampulloma of the papilla of Vater	2 (5.0)
Others1	4 (10.0)
Time interval from bilioenteric anastomosis to BBAS treatment (months), median (range)	66 (2-254)
Abnormal liver function test results (n = 40)
γ-glutamyl transferase (IU/L) (upper normal limit 50 IU/L)	38 (95.0)
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) (upper normal limit 112 IU/L)	34 (85.0)
Total bilirubin (mmol/L) (upper normal limit 17.1 mmol/L)	19 (47.5)
Tumor marker level increased (n = 36)
CA19-9 (U/L) (normal limit 37 U/L)	14 (38.9)
CEA (ng/mL) (upper normal limit 5 ng/mL)	2 (5.6)

¹Including 2 chronic pancreatitis, 1 pancreaticobiliary maljunction, and 1 benign biliary stricture.

LC: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; BBAS: Benign bilioenteric anastomotic stricture; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.