©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 14, 2026; 32(10): 115371
Published online Mar 14, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.115371
Published online Mar 14, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.115371
Table 2 Growth differentiation factor 11-induced secretome shift in M2-like macrophages
| Cytokine/factor family | Mediator | Baseline M2 secretion | GDF11 treatment effect | Functional consequence on tumor cells |
| Pro-tumoral/angiogenic | IL-6 | High | Significantly (decrease) | Reduced proliferation, survival, and metastasis |
| Pro-tumoral/angiogenic | ENA-78 (CXCL5) | Moderate/high | Significantly (decrease) | Reduced cell migration and invasiveness |
| Pro-tumoral/angiogenic | Angiogenin | Moderate/high | Significantly (decrease) | Inhibition of tumor vascularization |
| Pro-inflammatory/anti-tumoral | IL-1beta | Low | Significantly (increase) | Induction of anti-tumoral inflammatory signaling |
| Pro-inflammatory/anti-tumoral | TNF-α | Low | Significantly (increase) | Direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells |
| Chemotactic/immune recruitment | MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted | Variable | Significantly (increase) | Recruitment of anti-tumoral immune cells (such as T-cells) |
- Citation: Mohammadi S, Darweesh M, Al-Harrasi A. Growth differentiation factor 11 reprograms M2-like macrophages: Targeting immunometabolism for cancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(10): 115371
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i10/115371.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.115371