Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as a potential therapeutic drug intervention in ulcerative colitis: Mechanisms of action and clinical trials

Table 2 Clinical trials of Huangqin decoction in ulcerative colitis treatment

Treatments		Dosage of Huangqin	Number of patients in control/intervention	Results (overall response rate), %		Adverse events/number of patients	Ref.
				Control groups	Intervention group
Huangqin decoction	Control group: Oral administration of sulfasalazine 3 g/day. Intervention group: Oral Huangqin decoction (huangqin 20 g, baishao 15 g, gancao 15 g, dazao 30 g). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	32/32	78.13	81.25	Not reported	[123]
	Control group: Oral sulfasalazine 3 g/day. Intervention group: Oral Huangqin decoction (huangqin 20 g, baishao 15 g, dazao 30 g, gancao 15 g). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	32/31	87.50	90.32	Not reported	[124]
	Control group: Oral sulfasalazine 9 tablets/day (dose reduced to 4.5 tablets/day after 2 weeks). Intervention group: Oral modified Huangqin decoction (huangqin 8 g, baishao 6 g, zhigancao 4 g, dazao 8 pieces, adjusted according to symptoms). Treatment time: 1 month	8 g	68/68	41.18	97.06	Control group: Leukopenia/3, headache and nausea/3, arthritis/1. Intervention group: 0	[125]
	Control group: Oral sulfasalazine 4 g/d. Intervention group: Oral Huangqin decoction granules (huangqin 20 g, baishao 10 g, gancao 6 g, dazao 10 g). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	68/68	70	86.7	Not reported	[126]
	Control group: Antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, etc. Intervention group: Oral Huangqin decoction (huangqin 15 g, huanglian 10 g, zhizi 10 g, huangbo 10 g). Treatment time: 30 days	15 g	50/50	68.00	90.00	Not reported	[127]
	Group 1: Oral administration of 4 g/day sulfasalazine + 9 tablets/day berberine. Group 2: Retention enema with Chinese patent medicine named Jiechangning. Group 3: Oral modified Huangqin decoction (huangqin 12 g, shaoyao 9 g, zhigancao 6 g, dazao 10 pieces, adjusted according to symptoms). Group 4: Groups 2 plus 3 regimens. Treatment time: 2 months	12 g	20/20/20/20	Group 1: 65. Group 2: 75. Group 4: 95	70	Not reported	[128]
Huangqin decoction plus western medicine	Control group: Oral mesalazine 4 g/day + peifeikang capsules 1.26 g/day. Intervention group: Oral Peifeikang capsules 1.26 g/day + Huangqin decoction (huangqin 20 g, baishao 15 g, gancao 15 g, dazao 15 g, adjusted according to symptoms). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	35/35	65.7	85.7	Control group: Mild nausea and vomiting/2. Intervention group: 0	[129]
	Control group: Oral sulfasalazine 4 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction granules orally (dazao 10 g, huangqin 2 0 g, gancao 6 g, baishao 10 g). Treatment time: Not stated	20 g	56/56	69.6	92.9	Control group: Arthritis/1, leukopenia/3, headache and nausea/3. Intervention group: 0	[130]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine enteric-coated tablets 3 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction granules orally (huangqin 20 g, baishao 10 g, gancao 6 g, dazao 10 g). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	34/34	76.5	91.2	Not reported	[131]
	Control group: Oral administration of 9 g/day sulfasalazine enteric-coated tablets. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction orally (huangqin 30 g, baishao 20 g, gancao 20 g, dazao 20 g). Treatment time: 1 month	30 g	37/37	60.53	83.78	Control group: Nausea/4, fatigue/3, dizziness/1. Intervention group: Nausea/1, fatigue/1	[11]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine granules 3 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction granules orally (huangqin 20 g, baishao 10 g, gancao 6 g, dazao 10 g). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	63/63	80.95	96.83	Not reported	[132]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine 3 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction orally (huangqin 25 g, baishao 20 g, dazao 30 g, gancao 12 g, adjusted according to symptoms). Treatment time: 3 months	25 g	39/39	58.97	82.05	Control group: Nausea and vomiting/2, fatigue/1, dizziness/3, mild skin itching/2. Intervention group: Nausea and vomiting/1, dizziness/1	[133]
	Control group: Mesalazine sustained-release granules 4 g/day orally. Intervention group: Control group treatment plus modified Huangqin decoction administered orally (huangqin 20 g, baishao 15 g, gancao 15 g, dazao 15 g, adjusted according to symptoms). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	41/41	68.29	90.24	Not reported	[134]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine granules 4 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + modified Huangqin decoction orally (huangqin 20 g, baishao 15 g, gancao 15 g, dazao 15 g, adjusted according to symptoms). Treatment time: 2 months	20 g	58/58	77.59	91.38	Not reported	[135]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine enteric-coated tablets 1.5 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction enema (huangqin 9 g, shaoyao 6 g, dazao 12 g, zhigancao 6 g). Treatment time: 30 days	9 g	40/40	72.50	95.00	Control group: Nausea and vomiting/2, dizziness/1, rash/2. Intervention group: Dizziness/1, rash/1	[136]
	Control group: Oral mesalazine enteric-coated tablets 4 g/day. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction orally (huangqin 12 g, baishao 15 g, baizhu 15 g, yiyiren 15 g, mudanpi 10 g, diyu 10 g, qinpi 10 g, baiji 6 g, zhigancao 6 g). Treatment time: 2 months	12 g	40/40	75.00	92.50	Not reported	[137]
	Control group: Bifidobacterium quadruple live bacteria tablets 4.5 g + mesalazine enteric-coated tablets 4 g/day orally. Intervention group: Control group treatment + Huangqin decoction enema (dazao 12 pieces, huangqin 9 g, zhigancao 6 g, shaoyao 6 g). Treatment time: 1 month	9 g	47/48	76.60	91.67	Control group: Nausea/1, vomiting/1, abdominal distension/1. Intervention group: Nausea/2, abdominal distension/2	[138]