Gene, genetics and genetic medicines in gastroenterology: Current status and its future

Table 16 Newer concepts in genetic medicine[185-189]

Area	Key advancements	Ref.
Multi-omics integration	Combined use of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to understand complex GI diseases	Zhao et al[185]
Polygenic risk scores	Using multiple low-risk variants to predict risk of diseases like IBD, colorectal cancer	Cross et al[186]
Single-cell sequencing	Helps identify cell-specific pathways in diseases like IBD, gastric cancer	Misra et al[187]
Organoid models	Patient-derived GI organoids used for drug testing, personalized therapy, and gene editing studies	Yang et al[188]
Epigenomics	Studying methylation, histone modifications, especially in GI cancers (e.g., MLH1 methylation in CRC)	Struhl[189]
Artificial intelligence	AI-driven prediction models, imaging-genomics integration for early diagnosis and prognosis

GI: Gastrointestinal; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; AI: Artificial intelligence; CRC: Colorectal cancer.