Exploring exercise modalities and their impact on inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review of rodent colitis models

Table 2 Impact of exercise on the outcomes of colitis animals fed normal diet

Ref.	Exercise type	Macroscopic parameters					Microscopic parameters				Conclusion
		Body weight change	Diarrhea and bloody stools	Disease activity index	Colon length or weight	Colon macroscopic injury	Histopathology scores	Blood inflammatory indicators	Colon inflammatory indicators	Colon oxidation/antioxidant balance
Szalai et al[25]	VWR	No statistical difference				Decreasing		TNF-α mRNA (no change); IL-1β mRNA (decreasing); CXCL1 mRNA (decreasing); IL-10 mRNA (decreasing)	MPO (decreasing); TNF-α mRNA (no change); IL-1β mRNA (decreasing); CXCL1 mRNA (decreasing); IL-10 mRNA (increasing); TNF-α protein (no change)	HO-1 (no change); cNOS (increasing); iNOS (decreasing)	Improving
Liu et al[26]	VWR	Increasing	Decreasing		No statistical difference		Decreasing		IL-1β mRNA (no change); IL-1β protein (no change); TNF-α mRNA (decreasing); TNF-α protein (decreasing); IL-6 mRNA (decreasing); IL-6 protein (decreasing)		Improving
Mazur-Bialy et al[27]	VWR	No statistical difference	Decreasing	No statistical difference	Increasing		Decreasing				Improving
Cook et al[17]	VWR	No statistical difference	Decreasing				No statistical difference	IL-6 mRNA (decreasing); TNF-α mRNA (decreasing); CXCL1 mRNA (decreasing)			Improving
Cook et al[17]	FTR	No statistical difference	Increasing				Increasing	IL-1β mRNA (increasing); IL-6 mRNA (increasing); IL-17 mRNA (increasing); IL-10 mRNA (increasing); CCL6 mRNA (increasing)			Exacerbating
Kasimay et al[15]	FTR					Decreasing	Decreasing		MPO (decreasing)	MDA (decreasing); GSH (decreasing)	Improving
Bilski et al[18]	FTR					Decreasing; CBF (increasing)		IL-1 protein (decreasing); TNF-α protein (decreasing); TWEAK (decreasing); IL-6 protein (increasing); irisin (increasing); leptin (decreasing); adiponectin (no change)	MPO (decreasing)		Improving
Bilski et al[19]	FTR			Increasing		Increasing	Increasing		IL-1 mRNA (increasing); IL-6 mRNA (increasing); TNF-α mRNA (increasing)	MDA (increasing); SOD1 mRNA (increasing); SOD2 mRNA (increasing); GPx mRNA (increasing); COX2 mRNA (increasing); iNOS mRNA (increasing); HIF-α protein (increasing)	Exacerbating
Hao et al[22]	FTR	Increasing		Decreasing	Increasing		Decreasing				Improving
Jin et al[23]	FTR	Increasing		Decreasing	Increasing		Decreasing	TNF-α (decreasing); IL-1β (decreasing); IL-6 (decreasing)			Improving
Van Mechelen et al[21]	FTR			No statistical difference			No statistical difference		CXCL1 (no change); CCL20 (no change); CCL2 (no change)		No impact
Saxena et al[16]	FTR	No statistical difference		No statistical difference	No statistical difference		No statistical difference; BrdU (no change)	Serum APN (increasing)	IL-6 (no change); IL-1β (no change); TNF-α (no change); IL-10 (no change)		No impact
Qonitatillah et al[20]	FTR						Increasing				Exacerbating
Kolahi et al[31]	Swimming	No statistical difference		Decreasing	Increasing		Decreasing		Collagen deposition (decreasing)	MDA (decreasing); DTNB (increasing); SOD (increasing); CAT (increasing)	Improving
de Oliveira Santos et al[33]	Swimming	Increasing			No statistical difference	Decreasing	Decreasing		MPO (decreasing); IL-1β (decreasing); IL-6 (decreasing); TNF-α (decreasing)	NO (decreasing); MDA (decreasing); SOD (increasing)	Improving
de Oliveira Santos et al[33]	Jumping	No statistical difference			Increasing	Decreasing	Decreasing		MPO (decreasing); IL-1β (decreasing); IL-6 (decreasing); TNF-α (decreasing)	NO (no change); MDA (decreasing); SOD (increasing)	Improving

All data were colitis + exercise vs colitis + sedentary. FTR: Forced treadmill running; VWR: Voluntary wheel running; CBF: Cerebral blood flow; BrdU: 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; mRNA: Messenger RNA; IL: Interleukin; TWEAK: Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis; APN: Adiponectin; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; cNOS: Constitutive isoforms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase or neuronal nitric oxide synthase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; COX2: Cyclooxygenase 2; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; DTNB: 5,5’-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid); CAT: Catalase.