Sphinganine inhibits macrophage polarization and protects against sepsis-induced intestinal injury

Figure 2 Sphinganine suppresses intestinal toll like receptor 2 expression. A: Volcano plot showing differentially expressed proteins in intestine samples from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS + sphinganine groups analyzed by label-free proteomics; B: Heat map summarizing the relative abundance of proteins, highlighting toll like receptor (TLR) 2 as the most significantly altered protein between the two groups; C: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that the nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched; D: Docking results showed a binding energy of -4.3 kcal/mol between sphinganine and the TLR2 protein, suggesting a potential interaction; E: Immunohistochemical staining of TLR2 in colon tissue samples. TLR2 expression was increased in sepsis model mice, and sphinganine treatment significantly reduced this upregulation. FC: Fold change; TLR2: Toll like receptor 2; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; CLP: Cecal ligation and puncture.