Sphinganine inhibits macrophage polarization and protects against sepsis-induced intestinal injury

Figure 1 Sphinganine alleviated sepsis-induced intestinal injury and modulates macrophage polarization. A-D: Serum levels of diamine oxidase (A), diamine oxidase (IL)-1β (B), tumor necrosis factor-α (C), and IL-6 (D) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; E and F: Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained colon tissue sections; G: Immunofluorescent staining of zonula occludens-1; H and I: Immunofluorescence analysis of macrophage polarization markers. The expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 86 (M1 macrophage marker) was upregulated in the sepsis group and decreased by sphinganine treatment, while the expression of CD206 (M2 macrophage marker) was increased by sphinganine. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. DAO: Diamine oxidase; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CLP: Cecal ligation and puncture; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; CD: Cluster of differentiation; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.