Molecular links between inflammatory bowel disease and Alzheimer’s disease through immune signaling and inflammatory pathways

Figure 2 Detailed schematics of inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology and its transformation into Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology: Gut inflammation and increased intestinal permeability lead to systemic transport of inflammatory mediators via peripheral circulation and vagus nerve, resulting in blood-brain barrier disruption, amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid.