Sex-based differences in hepatitis delta virus infection: Insights from the Italian PITER hepatitis delta virus cohort

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.111637

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 21, 2025; 31(47): 111637
Published online Dec 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.111637

Table 1 Characteristics of hepatitis B surface antigen +/anti-hepatitis delta virus positive patients by sex, n (%)

	Anti-HDV positive		P value
	Males	Females	P value
	316¹ (61.6)	197¹ (38.4)	0.738
Age, median (Q1-Q3)	56 (48-63)	56 (45-62)	0.409
≤ 40	35 (11.1)	37 (18.8)	0.143
41-50	59 (18.7)	38 (19.3)
51-60	114 (36.1)	58 (29.4)
61-70	85 (26.9)	50 (25.4)
> 70	23 (7.3)	14 (7.2)
Non-Italian natives	81 (25.6)	92 (46.7)	< 0.001
Injection drug use (any time)	45 (17.3)	3 (1.7)	< 0.001
ALT > 35 IU/L	199 (64.8)	108 (56.5)	0.065
GGT > 50 IU/L	116 (46.6)	44 (27.3)	< 0.001
HBeAg positive	16 (5.3)	12 (6.3)	0.612
HDV RNA positive (n = 430 tested)	176 (68.0)	124 (72.5)	0.314
Cirrhosis	232 (73.4)	130 (66.0)	0.073
Child-Pugh class
A	197 (86.8)	103 (82.4)	0.231
B	25 (11.0)	21 (16.8)
C	5 (2.2)	1 (0.8)
MELD ≥ 20	6 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0.097
HCC	40 (12.6)	11 (5.6)	0.010
PLT ≤ 150000	177 (57.8)	108 (56.5)	0.776
Previous IFN	104 (35.4)	49 (27.7)	0.084
Cofactors of liver disease
BMI 25-30	84 (37.8)	45 (33.1)	0.124
BMI ≥ 30	19 (8.6)	21 (15.4)	0.124
Ongoing alcohol use	61 (23.0)	10 (6.1)	< 0.001
Past use	58 (21.9)	15 (9.2)
Diabetes	28 (8.9)	4 (2.0)	0.002
Steatotic liver disease	84 (26.6)	36 (18.3)	0.031
Anti-HCV positive (all HCV RNA negative)	42 (14.7)	1 (0.6)	< 0.001
Anti-HIV positive	22 (8.1)	1 (0.6)	0.001
NUC treatment
Ongoing NUC therapy	234 (74.3)	138 (70.4)	0.338
Years of NUC therapy, median (Q1-Q3)	4.2 (1.7-7.9)	4.2 (2.0-7.6)	0.733

¹Proportions are based on available data. Inconsistencies are due to missing values.

HDV: Hepatitis delta virus; ALT: Alanine transaminase; BMI: Body mass index; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HBeAg: Hepatitis Be antigen; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; IFN: Interferon; PLT: Platelet; Q1: Quarter 1; Q3: Quarter 3; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; NUC: Nucleos(t)ide analogue.

Full Size Table

Citation: Coco B, Quaranta MG, Tosti ME, Ferrigno L, Brancaccio G, Ciancio A, Coppola C, Messina V, Gentile I, Claar E, Morisco F, Santantonio T, Viganò M, Cacciola I, Pompili M, Russo FP, Izzi A, Niro GA, Coppola N, Soria A, Federico A, Morsica G, Puoti M, Villa E, Lampertico P, Gaeta GB, Kondili LA, Brunetto MR, PITER Collaborating Investigators. Sex-based differences in hepatitis delta virus infection: Insights from the Italian PITER hepatitis delta virus cohort. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(47): 111637
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i47/111637.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.111637

Coco B, Quaranta MG, Tosti ME, Ferrigno L, Brancaccio G, Ciancio A, Coppola C, Messina V, Gentile I, Claar E, Morisco F, Santantonio T, Viganò M, Cacciola I, Pompili M, Russo FP, Izzi A, Niro GA, Coppola N, Soria A, Federico A, Morsica G, Puoti M, Villa E, Lampertico P, Gaeta GB, Kondili LA, Brunetto MR, PITER Collaborating Investigators. Sex-based differences in hepatitis delta virus infection: Insights from the Italian PITER hepatitis delta virus cohort. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(47): 111637 [PMID: 41479753 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.111637]

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