Application of stem cells in the precise diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases

Figure 1 Illustration of the constituents for human pluripotent stem cells differentiation towards liver lineages. The image shows the constituents for major liver lineage generation from stem cells, including medium, the supplements and cytokine cocktails, and lineage-specific biomarkers. HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells; LSECs: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium; MARCO: Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure; VCAM1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; TPO: Thrombopoietin; BMP4: Bone morphogenetic protein 4; ALB: Albumin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; SSTR2: Somatostatin receptor 2; KRT7: Keratin 7; SOX9: SRY-box transcription factor 9; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; MTG: Methyl-β-cyclodextrin; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; LYVE1: Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; ITS: Insulin-transferrin-selenium; PDGFRβ: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β; FGF1: Fibroblast growth factor 1; DEX: Dexamethasone; KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor; ATRA: All-trans retinoic acid; FGF4: Fibroblast growth factor 4; IL: Interleukin; M-CSF: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor.