Development and validation of a nomogram incorporating dietary factors for predicting Helicobacter pylori-negative early gastric cancer risk

Table 3 Characteristic analysis of the Helicobacter pylori eradication control vs early gastric cancer groups and Helicobacter pylori-naive control vs early gastric cancer groups

Characteristics	H. pylori eradication control group, n = 47	H. pylori eradication EGC group, n = 51	P value	H. pylori-naive control group, n = 248	H. pylori-naive EGC group, n = 247	P value
Sex			< 0.001			< 0.001
Male	17 (36.2)	39 (76.5)		96 (38.7)	169 (68.4)
Female	30 (63.8)	12 (23.5)		152 (61.3)	78 (31.6)
Age, years	46.23 ± 11.27	62.41 ± 8.31	< 0.001	52.71 ± 12.49	63.85 ± 8.73	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	23.74 ± 3.81	23.21 ± 2.78	0.432	24.34 ± 3.62	24.03 ± 3.58	0.339
Smoking1			< 0.001			< 0.001
Yes	7 (14.9)	30 (58.8)		24 (9.7)	125 (50.6)
No	40 (85.1)	21 (41.2)		224 (90.3)	122 (49.4)
Drinking1			< 0.001			< 0.001
Yes	6 (12.8)	27 (52.9)		43 (17.3)	106 (42.9)
No	41 (87.2)	24 (47.1)		205 (82.7)	141 (57.1)
Educational level			< 0.001			< 0.001
High school or above	45 (95.7)	31 (60.8)		209 (95.7)	146 (59.1)
Below high school	2 (4.3)	20 (39.2)		39 (4.3)	101 (40.9)
Clinical symptoms			< 0.001			0.032
Yes	20 (42.6)	45 (88.2)		165 (66.5)	186 (75.3)
No	27 (57.4)	6 (11.8)		83 (33.5)	61 (24.7)
Hypertension			0.099			< 0.001
Yes	8 (17.0)	35 (68.6)		47 (19.0)	98 (39.7)
No	39 (83.0)	16 (31.4)		201 (81.0)	149 (60.3)
Diabetes			0.114			< 0.001
Yes	1 (2.1)	6 (11.8)		11 (4.4)	49 (19.8)
No	46 (97.9)	45 (88.2)		237 (95.6)	198 (80.2)
Hyperlipidemia			0.889			0.984
Yes	6 (12.8)	7 (13.7)		41 (16.5)	41 (16.6)
No	41 (87.2)	44 (86.3)		207 (83.5)	206 (83.4)
Cardiac and cerebral diseases			0.094			< 0.001
Yes	2 (4.3)	8 (15.7)		10 (4.0)	67 (27.1)
No	45 (95.7)	43 (84.3)		238 (96.0)	180 (72.9)
Digestive comorbidities			< 0.001			< 0.001
Yes	17 (36.2)	44 (86.3)		106 (42.7)	181 (73.3)
No	30 (63.8)	7 (13.7)		142 (57.3)	66 (26.7)
Family history of GC			0.830			0.156
Yes	12 (25.5)	14 (27.5)		64 (25.8)	169 (68.4)
No	35 (74.5)	37 (72.8)		184 (74.2)	78 (31.6)
CCI	0.40 ± 0.68	0.90 ± 1.17	0.014	0.38 ± 0.73	0.95 ± 1.08	< 0.001
Aspirin2			0.672			0.015
Yes	3 (23.1)	4 (16.0)		4 (4.4)	21 (14.4)
No	10 (76.9)	21 (84.0)		87 (95.6)	125 (85.6)
Metformin2			0.538			0.001
Yes	0 (0.0)	2 (8.0)		1 (1.1)	19 (13.1)
No	13 (100.0)	23 (92.0)		90 (98.9)	126 (86.9)
Corticosteroids2			0.342			0.301
Yes	1 (7.7)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	4 (2.7)
No	12 (92.3)	25 (100.0)		91 (100.0)	142 (97.3)
PPI2			0.094			0.129
Yes	45 (95.7)	43 (84.3)		11 (4.4)	228 (92.3)
No	2 (4.3)	8 (15.7)		237 (95.6)	19 (7.7)
Hard food			0.057			< 0.001
Occasional	47 (100.0)	46 (90.2)		244 (98.4)	204 (82.6)
Frequent	0 (0.0)	5 (9.8)		4 (1.6)	43 (17.4)
Fried food			0.025			0.066
Occasional	37 (78.7)	48 (94.1)		230 (92.7)	217 (87.9)
Frequent	10 (21.3)	3 (5.9)		18 (7.3)	30 (12.1)
Spicy food			0.111			< 0.001
Occasional	41 (87.2)	38 (74.5)		225 (90.7)	195 (78.9)
Frequent	6 (12.8)	13 (25.5)		23 (9.3)	52 (21.1)
Smoked food			0.019			< 0.001
Occasional	44 (93.6)	39 (76.5)		240 (96.8)	177 (71.7)
Frequent	3 (6.4)	12 (23.5)		8 (3.2)	70 (28.3)
Hot food			0.047			0.037
Occasional	38 (80.9)	32 (62.7)		184 (74.2)	162 (65.6)
Frequent	9 (19.1)	19 (37.3)		64 (25.8)	85 (34.4)
Onion and garlic			0.475			< 0.001
Occasional	10 (21.3)	8 (15.7)		61 (24.6)	28 (11.3)
Frequent	37 (78.7)	43 (84.3)		187 (75.4)	219 (88.7)
Legumes			0.002			< 0.001
Occasional	16 (34.0)	33 (64.7)		99 (39.9)	161 (65.4)
Frequent	31 (66.0)	18 (35.3)		149 (60.1)	85 (34.6)
Nuts			0.035			< 0.001
Occasional	31 (66.0	43 (84.3)		176 (71.0)	212 (85.8)
Frequent	16 (34.0)	8 (15.7)		72 (29.0)	35 (14.2)
Coarse grains			0.756			0.177
Occasional	30 (63.8)	31 (60.8)		168 (67.7)	153 (61.9)
Frequent	17 (36.2)	20 (39.2)		80 (32.3)	94 (38.1)
Meat, egg, and milk			0.679			0.510
Occasional	2 (4.3)	4 (7.8)		19 (7.7)	23 (9.3)
Frequent	45 (95.7)	47 (92.2)		229 (92.3)	224 (90.7)
Fruits and vegetables			0.496			0.724
Occasional	0 (0.0)	2 (3.9)		5 (2.0)	3 (1.2)
Frequent	47 (100.0)	49 (96.1)		243 (98.0)	244 (98.8)

¹Smoking or drinking now or having been smoking or drinking for more than 1 year.

²Long term use of drugs refers to using for more than 1 year.

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; EGC: Early gastric cancer; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; BMI: Body mass index; GC: Gastric cancer.