Development and validation of a nomogram incorporating dietary factors for predicting Helicobacter pylori-negative early gastric cancer risk

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical characteristics between the Helicobacter pylori-negative early gastric cancer and the Helicobacter pylori-negative-control groups

Characteristics	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Sex	0.34	0.23-0.50	< 0.001	0.55	0.12-2.54	0.446
Female vs male
Age, years	1.11	1.08-1.13	< 0.001	1.13	1.05-1.22	0.001
Smoking1	8.28	4.98-14.33	< 0.001	3.79	0.74-21.96	0.119
Yes vs no
Drinking1	3.83	2.44-6.15	< 0.001	2.23	0.47-10.60	0.308
Yes vs no
Educational level	0.25	0.15-0.40	< 0.001	0.55	0.15-1.87	0.342
Above vs below high school
Clinical symptoms	2.10	1.37-3.25	< 0.001	1.76	0.53-6.12	0.359
Yes vs no
Hypertension	2.59	1.66-4.10	< 0.001	0.98	0.30-3.10	0.971
Yes vs no
Diabetes	4.73	2.32-10.70	< 0.001	1.93	0.35-11.82	0.456
Yes vs no
Cardiac and cerebral diseases	5.11	2.72-10.36	< 0.001	3.87	0.93-18.24	0.070
Yes vs no
Digestive comorbidities	8.91	5.60-14.55	< 0.001	17.55	4.36-96.25	< 0.001
Yes vs no
CCI	1.94	1.53-2.50	< 0.001	1.36	0.70-2.86	0.386
Metformin2	12.00	2.37-218.98	0.017	1.60	0.07-76.8	0.778
Yes vs no
PPI2	2.24	1.16-5.48	0.023	2.26	0.47-11.79	0.317
Yes vs no
Hard food	17.61	6.28-73.58	< 0.001	17.97	0.24-205.54	0.992
Frequent vs occasional
Spicy food	3.66	2.10-6.65	< 0.001	1.14	0.24-6.05	0.872
Frequent vs occasional
Smoked food	13.48	6.42-33.06	< 0.001	19.00	1.75-453.77	0.035
Frequent vs occasional
Hot food	1.71	1.12-2.63	0.013	4.19	1.10-18.41	0.043
Frequent vs occasional
Onion and garlic	2.10	1.25-3.62	0.006	4.31	0.95-23.22	0.068
Frequent vs occasional
Legumes	0.36	0.24-0.53	< 0.001	0.30	0.09-0.89	0.033
Frequent vs occasional
Nuts	0.40	0.25-0.64	<0.001	0.14	0.037-0.48	0.003
Frequent vs occasional

¹Smoking or drinking now or having been smoking or drinking for more than 1 year.

²Long term use of drugs refers to using for more than 1 year.

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.